Joint and

Question 1

Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis)

Answer 1

◦ Chronic disease of older animals.

◦ Caused

Question 2

DJD Etiology- Primary Causes

Answer 2

Normal Ageing Processes

Question 3

DJD Etiology- Secondary Causes:

Answer 3

◦ Abnormal wear and tear on joints by:
 Injuries such as torn ligaments, fractures, dislocation
 Congenital abnormalities: hip dysplasia
 Obesity (the #1 cause today)
 Excessive wear and tear from activity (working breeds)

Question 4

Pathologic mechanism of DJD

Answer 4

damage to articular cartilage-> release of inflammatory mediators and enzymes that destroy cartilage-> inflammation of synovial membrane-> decrease in joint fluid viscosity and release of enzymes that destroy articular cartilage
Cycle starts over again…..

Question 5

DJD Clinical Findings

Answer 5

 Usually Older Animals.
 Joints Affected:
hip, stifle, shoulder, elbow, spine.

Question 6

Clinical signs of DJD

Answer 6

Joint pain:
	Lameness
	Difficulty getting up and down
	Reluctant to move joint
Crepitice
Atrophy of muscles surrounding joint

Question 7

DJD Diagnosis

Answer 7

 Physical Exam
 Clinical Signs
 Radiographs
 Joint Taps (rarely done)

Question 8

DJD Treatment:

Answer 8

	Weight Loss!!!!
	Mild to Moderate Exercise.
	Anti inflammatory Drugs & Supplements:
◦	Nonsteroidal Anti inflammatory drugs
◦	MSM
	Cartilage Modifiers

Question 9

Cartilage Modifiers

Answer 9

◦ Glucosamine – Chondroitin supplements

◦ Adequan: Inhibits destructive enzymes and prostiglandins

Question 10

Hip Dysplasia

Answer 10

 Developmental disease of dog

 Characterized by abnormal articulation of the femoral head with the acetabulum

Question 11

Etiology Hip Dysplasia

Answer 11

Unknown
Factors that play a role
1. Genetics
2. Overnutrition w/ rapid growth

Question 12

Clinical signs of Hip Dysplasia

Answer 12

• Joint pain: decrease activity, abnormal gait, difficulty rising, resist joint manipulation
• Atrophy of hip muscles

Question 13

Clinical Findings of Hip Dysplasia

Answer 13

Large breed dogs, 4 mo.– 1 yr. of age

Question 14

Pyometra

Answer 14

 Bacterial infection of uterus

 Disease of intact female dogs

Question 15

Etiology of a Pyometra

Answer 15

opprtunistic bacterial infection à Result of high progesterone level in the body
Progesterone causes:
	-- thickening of endometrium
	 -- accumulation of uterine secretions
	 -- inhibition of WBC’s

Question 16

Clinical Findings and signs of pyo

Answer 16

Intact bitch 4-8 wks. after estrus

Clinical signs- lethargy, anorexia, dehydration, PU/PD, vomiting

Question 17

Diagnosis of pyo

Answer 17

Clinical findings
Physical exam
CBC, blood chemistry panel
Radiographs

Question 18

Treatment of pyo

Answer 18

Surgery- OHE

Medical management- PG, Abo’s

Question 19

Mastitis

Answer 19

 Inflammation of the mammary gland

 Usually occurs during lactation

Question 20

Etiology of Mastitis

Answer 20

Nonseptic - due to failure to express milk from gland

Septic - due to bacterial infection

Question 21

Clinical Signs Mastitis

Answer 21

• glands swollen, warm, painful

- if septic: abnormal fluid discharge, fever, lethargy, anorexia

Question 22

Diagnosis Mastitis

Answer 22

History
Clinical signs
Culture fluid discharge (if septic)

Question 23

Treatment Mastitis

Answer 23

Nonseptic- decrease food and water intake at weaning, encourage nursing if pups not weaned
Septic- hot packing, antibiotics