Bovine Diseases 1

Question 1

Cattle Core Vaccines

Answer 1

• IBR
• BVD
• PI3
• BRSV
• LEPTO
• VIBRIO
• Optional: Pinkeye, Blackleg 7 way, Anthrax – clostrium diseases

Question 2

Bovine Respiratory Diseases:

Answer 2

• Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (BRDS)
• Also called Bovine Respiratory Syndrome Virus (BRSV)
• “Shipping Fever”
• Complex of viral and bacterial infection and stress
• Young cattle mostly infected: dairy calves less than 6 mo, beef calves during the first 45 days at the feedlot

Question 3

Bovine Respiratory Diseases involved:

Answer 3

o Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
o BVD
o Parainfluenza Virus (PI-3)
o Bovine Respiratory Corona Virus (RCV)

Question 4

Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (BRDS)

Answer 4

• Called “Shipping Fever” in feedlot calves.
• Complex of viral and bacterial infection and stress.
• Young cattle most likely affected:
• Beef calves during the first 45 days at the feedlot.
• Dairy calves less than 6 months of age.
• The viral infection comes first, then a secondary bacterial infection.

Question 5

Viruses involved with BRDS

Answer 5

• Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
• Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
• Parainfuenza Virus (PI-3)
• Bovine Respiratory Corona Virus (RCV)

Question 6

Clinical Signs of BRDS

Answer 6

o	Depression
o	Standing with lowered heads.
o	Fever: 104 F to 107 F.
o	Mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge.
o	Dyspnea.
o	Cough.
o	Morbidity and mortality may be high.

Question 7

Treatment of BRDS

Answer 7

o Early diagnosis and treatment is key to survival.
o Isolate infected animals
o Broad spectrum antibiotics for secondary infections.

Question 8

Prevention of BRDS:

Answer 8

o Metaphylaxis: Injecting cattle with a broad spectrum, long acting antibiotic on arrival to the feedlot.
o Pre-conditioning of cattle:
o Dehorning and castrating cattle prior to weaning (stress).
o Vaccination against respiratory disease prior to shipping to feedlot (stress).

Question 9

Metaphylaxis

Answer 9

Injecting cattle with a broad spectrum, long acting antibiotic on arrival to the feedlot.

Question 10

Bovine Viral Diarrhea- BVD

Answer 10

• Chronic diarrhea
• Suppression of the immune system when paired with respiratory disease. Secondary bacterial infections can occur.
• Mucosal disease: erosions on the tongue, esophagus and associated structures
• Can be fatal
• Can cause uterine infections, abortion birth defects
• Can result in persistant infections (PI) in calves

Question 11

BVD Affects all ages of cattle causing

Answer 11

	Fever
	Depression
	Anorexia
	Oral and GI ulcers
	Diarrhea, sometimes with blood and mucus.

Question 12

2 Types of BVD:

Answer 12

 Non-cytopathic strain.

 Cytopathic strain

Question 13

Cytopathic strain causes:

Answer 13

	Chronic diarrhea.
	Mucosal Disease (MD):
•	Diarrhea
•	Weight loss
•	Crusty eyes and muzzle.
•	Blunting of oral papilla.
•	Chronic coronary band lesions on feet.

Question 14

Chronic Diarrhea in Adult Cattle

Answer 14

• Gastrointestinal Parasites
• Johne’s disease: caused by a bacterium called Mycoplasma paratuberculosis.
• Chronic BVD
• Chronic salmonellosis
• Bovine Lymphoma Virus (BLV)
• Chronic renal disease.
• Chronic liver disease.

Question 15

Leptospirosis and Vibriosis

Answer 15

• Both are ‘Core’ or recommended vaccines
• Vibriosis is an infectious bacterial disease that causes infertility, breeding difficulty and abortion in about 5-30% of affected herds.
• Spread by the bull to cows and heifers.
• Somewhat self limiting as most cattle will recover on their own in about 1 year, but carriers are common.
• Diagnosed from a culture of cervical mucous or aborted fetus
• Campylobacter fetus

Question 16

BVD and Respiratory Disease:

Answer 16

o BVD cause suppression of the immune system.

o Secondary bacterial infections occur because the immune system is impaired.

Question 17

BVD causes:

Answer 17

o Uterine infection
o Abortion
o Birth defects

Question 18

Additional Vaccines that are optional

Answer 18

• Pinkeye

* Blackleg: Clostridial organisms

Question 19

Rumen Acidosis

Answer 19

• Excessive quantities of highly fermentable carbohydrates, such as grain, cause the bacteria in the rumen to make lactic acid.
• The excess lactic acid decreases the pH of the rumen (can be as low as 5).
• The low pH degrades the lining of the rumen.
• Lactic acid leaks out into the blood stream causing metabolic acidosis.

Question 20

Clinical Signs of Rumen Acidosis

Answer 20

• Severe toxemia causes weakness.
• Diarrhea.
• Dehydration.
• Fluid filled static rumen, distended rumen with sloshing and tinkling sounds.
• Incoordination or ataxia.
• Recumbency.
• Death.

Question 21

Treatment of Rumen Acidosis:

Answer 21

• Decrease the production of acid in the rumen by using antibiotics.
• Neutralize metabolic acidosis with IV fluids containing bicarbonate.
• Rehydration with IV fluids.
• Mild cases:
o Feed hay
o Give Magnesium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate orally or by tube into the rumen.

Question 22

Hardware Disease or Traumatic Reticuloperitonitus (TRP):

Answer 22

• Perforation of the reticulum and rumen by an ingested foreign object.
• The object causes an abscess in the abdomen or pericardium.
• Vagal indigestion
• Wire penetrating the reticulum.
• Pericarditis in a cow with TRP.

Question 23

Vagal indigestion

Answer 23

the Vagus nerve controls the movements of the digestive tract and heart rate. If the nerve is inflamed, the movement of the digestive tract slows down as well as the heart rate (>65 bpm).

Question 24

Clinical Signs of Hardware Disease

Answer 24

•	Decreased milk production.
•	Anorexia.
•	Hunching up the back.
•	Grunting.
o	“Grunt Test”: cow will grunt if pressure is applied over the xiphoid.
•	Increased heart rate >90 bpm.
•	Reluctance to move or get up.
•	Rumen contractions decrease.
•	Decreased fecal output.
•	Ketosis

Question 25

Treatment of Hardware Disease

Answer 25

• Antibiotics to treat infection.
• Banamine for pain and inflammation.
• Magnets: more than half of the metallic foreign bodies will re-enter the reticulum or rumen.
• Surgery if conservative treatment fails.
• Plastic brush fibers have replaced wire as the main cause of hardware disease.