Heart Diseases 1 Flashcards
Anal Sac Disease
◦ Abnormality of the paired anal sacs at anal opening
◦ Causes pain and discomfort
Anal Sac Disease Etiology:
◦ Small breed dogs more prevalent. ◦ Over weight ◦ Failure of glands to express normally. ◦ Poor muscle tone. ◦ Gland hyper secretion.
Anal Sac Disease Clinical Signs
◦ Scooting perianum on the ground.
◦ Licking and chewing perianum.
◦ Painful perianal swelling.
◦ Draining tract in perianum.
Anal Sac Disease Diagnosis:
◦ Clinical Signs.
◦ Rectal palpation of anal glands.
Treatment for anal sac disease
◦ Flush duct and anal gland.
◦ Express anal gland.
◦ Antibiotics.
◦ Anti inflammatory drugs.
Anal Sac Disease Prevention:
◦ Weight loss.
◦ Anal gland expression.
◦ High fiber meals to increase stool diameter.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Failure of heart to pump blood from the left side to meet metabolic needs or prevent pooling of blood in the pulmonary venous circulation.
CHF Etiology
◦ Pump Failure (Muscle Failure) left ventricle.
◦ Pressure overload.
◦ Volume overload of the left heart.
Pressure overload of CHF
Systemic hypertension.
Subaortic stenosis.
Volume overload of the left heart.
Mitral valve dysplasia
Patent Ductus Arteriosis (PDA)
Ventral Septal Defect (VSD)
CHF Clinical Signs
◦ Weakness ◦ Lethargy ◦ Exercise intolerence ◦ Coughing: soft, often on waking. ◦ Tachypnea ◦ Increased CRT ◦ Possible heart murmur
CHF Diagnosis
◦ History ◦ Clinical signs ◦ Auscultation ◦ Radiographs ◦ Echocardiography
CHF Treatment:
◦ Diuretics ◦ Restriction of sodium intake ◦ ACE inhibitors: Enalapril ◦ Diuretics: Furosemide ◦ Other heart meds: Digoxin Calcium channel blockers Beta blockers
Dilated Cardiomyopathy Dogs
Dilation or enlargement of left or right chambers of the heart.
Thinning of the chamber walls.
Dysfunction of the heart muscle resulting in reduced cardiac output.
Dysfunction of heart valves resulting in CHF.
Causes of cardiomyopathy in dogs:
◦ Majority are idiopathic.
◦ Most common in large breed dogs:
Dobermans, Great Danes, Boxers.
◦ Probably an abnormality of the contractile protiens in the heart muscle.
Clinical signs of Cardiomyopathy in dogs:
◦ Coughing ◦ Increased respiratory rate. ◦ Weight loss ◦ Lethargy, weakness. ◦ Abdominal distention ◦ Syncope: fainting due to lack of oxygen to the brain.
Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathy
◦ Radiographs: cardiomegally (enlarged heart).
◦ Echocardiogram: Ventricular and atrial dilation.
◦ Electrocardiogram (EKG): abnormal rhythm and QRS complexes.
◦ Radiograph of DCM
◦ Echocardiogram of DCM
Treatment of Cardimyopathy
◦ Enalapril: ACE inhibitor that dialates the vessels.
◦ Spironolactone: improve cardiac muscle function.
◦ Pimobendan: positive ionotrop that improves cardiac muscle function.
◦ Lasix: To treat pulmonary edema.
◦ Prognosis with Cardiomyopathy
◦ Always fatal.
◦ Death occurs 6 to 24 months following diagnosis.
Heart Worm Disease
Caused by infection with heart worms, Dirofilariaimmitus.
Larval form of the parasite, microfilaria, is carried by mosquitoes.
Microfilaria go through several stages before reaching adulthood in the chambers of the heart.
Signs of Heart worm infection
◦ Coughing. ◦ Increased heart rate (tachycardia). ◦ Exercise intolerance. ◦ Weight loss. ◦ Signs of Right sided CHF.
Diagnosis of Heartworm disease
◦ ELISA test for heartworm antigen, ie: Snap test.
◦ Knotts test: looks for microfilaria. Used to confirm weak positive Snap tests.
◦ Radiographs: Enlarged pulmonary artery and “tortuous” arteries in the lung lobes.
Treatment of Heartworm disease
◦ Melarsomine dihydrochloride (Immiticide): Kills the adult worms.
◦ Hospitalization during treatment to prevent stress.
◦ Treat R-CHF.
◦ Heart worm preventative drugs to kill the microfilaria.
New Combined Treatment Protocol
◦ Heartworm preventative used to decrease the microfilaria for 3 to 4 months prior to Immiticide treatment.
◦ Used in dogs that are not critically ill.
◦ Idea is to kill the worms less than 4 months old that can’t be killed by Immiticide.
◦ Strict exercise limitation necessary to prevent pulmonary embolism from the dying parasites.
Prevention of Heart worm disease
Heart worm preventative drugs Monthly: ◦ Ivermectin: Heartgard ◦ Selamectin: Revolution ◦ Milabamycin: Interceptor ◦ Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
