Introduction to the limbs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the upper limbs?

A
  • They have almost no locomotor function, however they can be used as a locomotor prop (e.g Crutches to walk)
  • Highly mobile joints
  • Leavers/allows hand to be brought to any point in space and kept steady
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2
Q

What are the 2 key features of the upper limbs?

A

They are less stable but highly mobile

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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of the lower limbs?

A
  • Support body weight
  • Involved mainly in locomotion
  • The bones are more robust
  • Joints are more stable
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4
Q

Where do limbs develop from in a foetus and when?

A

The upper and lower limb buds

32-35 days

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5
Q

What develops after the limb buds grow?

A

The digital rays develop which will later become digits (fingers)

42-49 days

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6
Q

When and where do limbs develop?

A

Around week 4 of development, specialised cells migrate from somites and the lateral plate of the mesoderm and limb buds form where the arms and legs will develop

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7
Q

How does the upper limb develop?

A

The upper limb develops with the thumb pointing superiorly

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8
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscles?

A

Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle

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9
Q

What is the Origin?

A

The origin is usually the proximal end of the muscle which remains fixed during muscular contraction, making it more stable

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10
Q

What is the Insertion?

A

The insertion is usually the distal end of the muscle which is moveable, making it less stable

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11
Q

What happens to a muscle when stimulated?

A

The muscle contracts and shortens, trying to bring its two ends closer (Insertion and Origin)

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12
Q

What muscle moves closer to the other during a muscle being stimulated?

A

The muscles usually shorten in the Insertion -> Origin direction, so insertion becomes closer to the Origin

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13
Q

What is Isometric muscle contraction?

A

Increase in muscle tone but muscles don’t change in length or shorten

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14
Q

What is an Isotonic muscle contraction?

A

Muscle length changes so the muscle wither elongates or shortens but the muscle tone is not changed

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15
Q

Give an example of Isometric muscle contraction?

A

Carrying an object in front of you

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16
Q

Give an example of Isotonic muscle contraction?

A

Walking and running

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17
Q

What are the 2 varieties of Isotonic contractions and their differences?

A

Concentric contraction - Muscle contracts according to the sliding filament mechanism and shortens

Eccentric contraction - The muscle elongates while under tension due to an opposing force greater than the muscle generates - Works as a breaking force in opposition to a concentric contraction to protect from injury (E.g - Bicep Eccentric contraction prevents dropping of weight)

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18
Q

What is a prime mover?

A

A muscle/muscles that play the primary role in moving a body part

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19
Q

What is an Agonist muscle?

A

A muscle/ muscles that act directly to produce a desired movement - Aids the prime mover

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20
Q

What are Synergist muscles?

A

Muscles which prevent unwanted movements associated with the action of prime movers

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21
Q

What are Antagonistic muscles?

A

Muscles which directly oppose a movement (E.g - flexing elbow, the muscles on back resist to prevent hyperextension

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22
Q

What are Fixating muscles?

A

Muscles that provide the necessary support to assist in holding the rest of the body in place while movement occurs (Stabilises Origin or Insertion)

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23
Q

What is Fascia and its 2 subdivisions and their properties?

A

Fascia is a sheet of connective tissue (1 continuous sheet with 2 layers)

Superficial Fascia;

  • Just beneath the skin and contains Adipose tissue (Fat)

Deep (investing) Fascia;
- Ensheath muscles but are continuous
- Help/facilitate contractions
- Barrier between muscles
- Compartment muscles and neurovascular bundles
- Passages for nerves and vessels
- Point of attachment for muscles (e.g by forming Interosseous membranes - fascia running from bone to bone in arm)
- Becomes thicker in structures (e.g wrist joint) to hold tendons in place (by forming Rentinaculae

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24
Q

What runs between muscles and why?

A

Septae to separate muscles into compartments for a group of muscles of similar function and vessels/neurovascular bundles

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25
Q

What do Septae form that is an advantage and disadvantage?

A

Septae form potential spaces to allows the neurovascular bundle to pass and to protect it.

However, potential spaces are also potential tracks for infection spread and blood loss

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26
Q

What is compartment syndrome and why is it important?

A

Compartment Syndrome is an injury to the muscle within a tough compartment which may cause swelling and increased pressure that compresses the neurovascular bundles

This is a surgical emergency as there is compromised circulation

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27
Q

What divides the arm into an anterior and posterior muscular compartment?

A

The intermuscular septae

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28
Q

What is the anterior compartment in the arm also referred to as ?

A

The flexor as the muscles flex the elbow

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29
Q

What is the posterior compartment in the arm also referred to as ?

A

The extensor as it extends muscles in the elbow

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30
Q

What forms into what membrane which separates the forearm into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments?

A

The antebrachial fascia forms into the interosseous membrane to separate the forearm into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments

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31
Q

What is in between the flexor retinaculum and what does this contain?

A

The carpal tunnel which transmits the tendons of the flexors to the fingers and the median nerve

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32
Q

How many compartments does the arm have?

A

2

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33
Q

How many compartments does the forearm have?

A

2

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34
Q

How many compartments does the thigh have ?

A

3

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35
Q

How many compartments does the leg have ?

A

4

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36
Q

How does fascia vary from arm to leg?

A

Lower limb fascia is thicker and called fascia lata

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37
Q

What does the fascia lata thicken into laterally in the thigh?

A

The iliotibial tract

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38
Q

What does the iliotibial tract extend into?

A

It sends Septae to divide the thigh

39
Q

What compartments is the thigh divided into?

A

Anterior, Medial and Posterior compartments

40
Q

What is the function of the anterior, medial and posterior compartments in the thigh?

A

Anterior - Extensor
Medial - Adductor
Posterior - Flexor

41
Q

What does the Fascia lata thicken into in the leg?

A

The Crural Fascia

42
Q

What are the 3 anatomical functions of the Crural Fascia?

A

It fuses with the tibia

forms the Interosseous membrane

Sends Septae do divide the leg

43
Q

What are the different compartments of the leg and their movements?

A

Anterior - Extensor
2 Posterior - Superficial and Deep Flexor
Lateral - Has peroneal muscles to move foot at ankle joint

44
Q

What kind of muscle does the ventral horn go to and via what kind of neuron?

A

The ventral horn uses a motor neuron to supply skeletal muscles

45
Q

What kind of muscle does the lateral horn go to and via what kind of neuron?

A

The lateral horn uses a sympathetic motor neuron to supply organs

46
Q

What kind of muscle does the dorsal horn receive and via what kind of neuron?

A

The dorsal horn uses a sensory neuron to receive senses from the skin and organs

47
Q

What is a Dermatome ?

A

A dermatome is the strip of skin supplied by 1 spinal nerve

48
Q

What is a Myotome?

A

A Myotome is the skeletal muscle or group of skeletal muscles supplied by 1 spinal nerve

49
Q

How does rotation occur during limb rotation?

A

1). The thumb and Hallux (big toe) are both on the cranial side of each limb and both palm and sole face anteriorly

2) . The upper limb rotates laterally by 90 degrees
- Thumb moves from medial to lateral (think of limbs in anatomical position)
- Flexor muscle groups move to an anterior position
- Extensors move to a posterior position

3) . The lower limb rotates medially by 90 degrees
- The Hallux moves from lateral to medial
- The flexor group move from an anterior to posterior position
- The extensors move to an anterior position

4). The dermatomes rotate as well

50
Q

What do the ventral ramus go and form?

A

Plexuses

51
Q

What supplies the upper limb with nerves and where from?

A

Brachial plexus in the Axilla (armpit)

52
Q

What supplies the lower limb with nerves?

A

The Lumbo-Sacral Plexus

53
Q

What is the main Arterial supply of the upper limb?

A

The Subclavian artery

54
Q

What is the main Arterial supply of the lower limb?

A

The external iliac arteries

55
Q

Why are superficial veins important?

A

They are in superficial fascia and used for Phlebotomy

56
Q

What is the Cephalic veins usually used for?

A

IV line

57
Q

What is the Median Cubital vein usually used for?

A

Venous sample

58
Q

Why are there more connections between superficial and deep veins in the legs than the arms?

A

As is helps the Venous drainage back to the heart as the legs are going against gravity

59
Q

What direction does venous flow go in?

A

From superficial to deep via perforators (connector veins)

60
Q

What are the 4 ways to help venous blood return to the heart from the legs?

A

Muscle pump - compresses veins

Arterial pulsation - deep veins lie beside arteries and acts like the muscle pump to pump blood back up

Negative intrathoracic pressure - sucks blood up like vacuum

Valves - prevents backflow

61
Q

What do lymph vessels follow?

A

Superficial or deep veins

62
Q

Where does lymph drain to in the upper and lower limbs?

A

Upper limbs - Axillary lymph nodes

Lower limbs - Inguinal lymph nodes

63
Q

What spinal nerves does medial rotation of the elbow use?

A

C6, C7, C8

64
Q

What spinal nerves does lateral rotation of the elbow use?

A

C5

65
Q

What spinal nerves does abduction of the Glenohumeral joint use?

A

C5

66
Q

What spinal nerves does adduction of the Glenohumeral joint use?

A

C6, C7, C8

67
Q

What spinal nerves does extension (moving posteriorly) of the Glenohumeral joint use?

A

C6, C7, C8

68
Q

What spinal nerves does flexion of the Glenohumeral joint (moving anteriorly) use?

A

C5

69
Q

What spinal nerves does flexion of the elbow use?

A

C5, C6 (Main)

70
Q

What spinal nerves does extension of the elbow use?

A

C6, C7 (Main)

71
Q

What spinal nerves does extension of the wrist use?

A

C6 (Main), C7

72
Q

What spinal nerves does flexion of the wrist use?

A

C6, C7 (Main)

73
Q

What spinal nerves does pronation of the forearm use?

A

C7, C8

74
Q

What spinal nerves does supination of the forearm use ?

A

C6

75
Q

What spinal nerves does digital flexion use ?

A

C7, C8 (Main)

76
Q

What spinal nerves does digital extension use ?

A

C7 (Main), C8

77
Q

What spinal nerves does lateral abduction of the 3rd digit use ?

A

T1

78
Q

What spinal nerves does medial abduction of the 3rd digit use ?

A

T1

79
Q

What spinal nerves does abduction of digits 2-5 use ?

A

T1

80
Q

What spinal nerves does adduction of digits 2-5 use ?

A

T1

81
Q

What spinal nerves does lateral external rotation of the hip use ?

A

L5, L1

82
Q

What spinal nerves does medial internal rotation of the hip use ?

A

L1, L2, L3

83
Q

What spinal nerves does Abduction of the hip use ?

A

L5, S1

84
Q

What spinal nerves does Adduction of the hip use ?

A

L1, L2, L3, L4

85
Q

What spinal nerves does inversion of the tarsal use ?

A

L4, L5

86
Q

What spinal nerves does eversion of the tarsal use ?

A

L5, S1

87
Q

What spinal nerves does dorsiflexion of the toes use ?

A

L5, S1

88
Q

What spinal nerves does plantar-flexion of the toes use ?

A

S1, S2

89
Q

What spinal nerves does extension of the hip use ?

A

L4, L5

90
Q

What spinal nerves does flexion of the hip use ?

A

L2, L3

91
Q

What spinal nerves does Flexion of the knee use?

A

L5, S1

92
Q

What spinal nerves does Extension of the knee use?

A

L3, L4

93
Q

What spinal nerves does plantar-flexion of the ankle use ?

A

S1, S2

94
Q

What spinal nerves does dorsi-flexion of the ankle use ?

A

L4, L5