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MD2002 Lucas > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when you are standing

A

Maximal contact of articular surfaces + minimum muscular activity

Hips and knees extended
- Stable and held mainly by ligaments
- Knees are locked by vastus medialis and gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata via iliotibial tract

Contraction of calf muscles, intrinsic back muscles and hip abductors to prevent sway

Proprioception

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2
Q

What locks the knees

A

Knees are locked by vastus medialis and gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata via iliotibial tract

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3
Q

What is proprioception

A

The sense though which we perceive the position and movement of our body, including our sense of equilibrium and balance

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4
Q

Stance phase

A

60% of gait cycle

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5
Q

Swing phase

A

40% of gait cycle

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6
Q

Terminal stance

A

Start of push off

Heel is off the ground

The Left Lower Limb (LL) is about to take the body weight - atm it is in swing phase

Momentum must be created by drawing the body forwards over the ankle

Forefoot starts to push off

Start with ankle and foot

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7
Q

What movements are involved in terminal stance

A

The toes of the right foot are dorsiflexed

Right ankle is plantar flexed by triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus)

Fibrous flexor sheaths are pulled

Left foot is off the ground (pelvis is stabilised)
* gluteus medius and minimus
* hip abductors

The plantar aponeurosis is pulled and draws the calcaneus anteriorly and heighten the arch

Check powerpoint slide

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8
Q

What maintains the arch in the terminal stance

A
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9
Q

Preswing

A

The Right Lower Limb is about to push-off and enter the Swing Phase

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10
Q

What is the movement of the right ankle in pressing and what muscles facilitate this

A

Plantarflexion
Powerful Push-off

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
(Tibialis Posterior)

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11
Q

What nerve innervates Gastrocnemius, Soleus and Tibialis Posterior

A

Tibial nerve

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12
Q

What movement is the left ankle making in preswing and what muscles facilitate this

A

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus

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13
Q

What nerve innervates Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus and Extensor Hallucis Longus

A

Deep fibular nerve

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14
Q

What is the movement of the right toes in preswing and what muscles facilitate this

A

Plantarflexion
Powerful Push-off

Flexor Hallucis Longus
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Quadratus plantae

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15
Q

What nerve innervates flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis brevis and flexor digitorum brevis

A

Tibial nerve
Medial Plantar Branch of Tibial

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16
Q

What is the movement of the right hip in pre swing and what muscle facilitates this

A

Extends slightly to help forward momentum

Biceps femoris (long and short head)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Gluteus maximus

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17
Q

What nerve innervates the hamstrings

A

Sciatic nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve

18
Q

Initial and mid-swing

A

Right LL enters initial -> Mid Swing, while the Left LL takes all the body weight

Right LL is lifted up, and the toes must clear the ground

19
Q

What is the movement of the right ankle and toes in initial and mid-swing and what muscle facilitates this

A

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus

20
Q

What is the movement of the right knee in initial and mid-swing and what muscle facilitates this

A

Flexion

Hamstrings
(Popliteus)
Gastrocnemius, sartorius

21
Q

What nerve innervates popliteus

A

Tibial nerve

22
Q

What is the movement of the right hip in initial and mid-swing and what muscles facilitate this

A

Flexion

Iliopsoas
Rectus Femoris
Sartorius

23
Q

What nerve innervates iliopsoas and rectus femoris

A

Femoral nerve (Iliacus and rectus femoris)
L1, 2, 3 (Psoas)

24
Q

Foot drop

A

weakness of muscles in the feet and ankles that causes difficulty with the ability to flex the ankles and walk normally

25
Q

Foot drop is associated with kind of nerve injury?

A

L5 radiculopathy and traumatic damage to the common peroneal nerve

26
Q

Which muscles are involved in weight bearing in the hip during Mid Swing

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus

27
Q

What nerves innervate quadriceps femoris, gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata

A

Femoral nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Superior gluteal nerve

28
Q

Weight-bearing (left) arches are maintained actively by

A

Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
Intrinsic muscles of the foot

29
Q

Balance is maintained by interplay between

A

Plantarflexion (plantar muscles as well)
Dorsiflexion
Inversion (tibialis anterior and posterior)
Eversion (fibularis longus and brevis)

30
Q

Terminal swing

A

Right LL is thrown further forward

The right side of the pelvis moves anteriorly too, using momentum to internally rotate at the left hip

31
Q

What movements are the right hip involved in in terminal swing and what muscles facilitate this

A

Further Flexion
Lateral Rotation to keep the foot pointing forwards
Lateral Rotators of the Hip

32
Q

What nerve roots innervate lateral rotators of the hip

A

L5, S1, 2

33
Q

Heel strike

A

Flexion of thigh creates a momentum

The right thigh decelerates and drops the Right LL and heel to the ground, the foot remains dorsiflexed

The spring and resilience of the right arches must continually be maintained for shock absorption and weight distribution

34
Q

What position is the right ankle in in heel strike

A

The Right Ankle is dorsiflexed and that dorsiflexion is also pulling the body forwards, over the right foot so that it can accept the body weight in the Loading Response Phase

35
Q

Loading response (foot flat)

A

Foot roolls on heel - from lateral to medial
Foot starts to go flat and accepts the weight Arches absorb weight

point when the entire plantar surface of the foot comes in contact with the ground

36
Q

What muscles are involved in inversion of the foot

A

Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior

37
Q

What muscles are involved in eversion of the foot

A

Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis

38
Q

What happens when walking on uneven ground?

Loading response (flat foot)

A
39
Q

What happens in midstance

A
40
Q

What happens in anterior and lateral sway

A

MD2002 Lucas (111 decks)

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