Haematopoiesis and Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the lifespan of the following:

  • RBCs
  • Neutrophil
  • Lymphocytes
  • Platelets
A

Erythrocytes - 120 days life
Neutrophil - 9 -10 hours in the blood, few days in the tissues
Lymphocytes - some long lived (memory cells) some short-lived (plasma cells)
Platelets - 4 - 5 days in the blood

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2
Q

How do drugs and chemotherapies affected different kinds of blood cells ?

A

Will see an impact on short-lived cells first (i.e. neutrophils will often be depleted first, as neutropenia; which can make vulnerable to bacterial infections)

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3
Q

How do blood cells migrate from bone marrow to blood ?

A

Escape through gaps (apertrures) in walls, into sinusoids ( small blood vessels)

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4
Q

What is the function of a megakaryocyte ?

A

Fragmenting to produce platelets

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5
Q

Identify the types of stem cells in the bone marrow.

A

Haematopoietic (Those that supply RBCs and immune system cells)
Stromal (make up connective tissue)

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6
Q

Identify the types of bone marrow.

A
Red marrow (myeloid) contributes blood cells
Yellow marrow due to fat cells
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7
Q

Describe the balance between red and yellow marrow in humans.

A

At birth most marrow is red, yellow
increases with age.
In severe anaemia yellow marrow can
convert back to red marrow

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8
Q

What is the mass of bone marrow in an adult ?

A

2.5 Kg

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9
Q

Where is red marrow located ?

A

Red marrow mostly located in flat bones

ie hip, sternum,ribs, verterbrae, shoulder blades

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10
Q

What is a common site of bone marrow harvest ?

A

Sacro-iliac crest

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11
Q

What are the main sources of haematopoietic cells in the foetus and adult ?

A

FOETUS: liver and spleen is the main source of haematopoietic cells
POSTNATAL: initially long bones, then flat bones as turn adult

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12
Q

How may treatment on a pregnant woman affect foetal RBC and stem cell production ?

A

If said treatment affects the liver (since liver and spleen is the main source of haematopoietic cells in foetus)

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13
Q

Describe the process of erythropoiesis.

A

Large erythroblastoid cell —> Multiple (6-7) divisons and maturation as move towards smaller almost functional cells –> Increase in Hb and expel nucleus –> Classic RBC for release into bloodstream

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14
Q

Defined erythropoietin and its function.

A

-Glycoprotein hormone produced
by fibroblasts in kidney – regulates rbc release (by co-operating with growth factors such as Burst Forming Unit- Erythroid (BFU-E) and Colony Forming Unit –erythroid (CFU-E) in development of precursors of red cells)
-Under hypoxia, epo released to stimulate Rbc production

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15
Q

Describe the effect of high altitude, hypertransfusion, chronic renal failure, some kidney tumours, and anaemia on erythopoiesis.

A

High altitude = Low O2 concentration = Epo increased = Red cell mass increase (and increase in hematocrit)

Hypertransfusion = Epo decreased = switch off red cell production

Chronic renal failure = O2 sensor damaged = Epo loss = Anaemia (and cannot respond by producing Epo, so severe anaemia in chronic renal failure)

Kidney tumours = Epo excess = Polycythaemia (too many RBCs, higher risk of clots and strokes)

Anaemia = more Epo produced to compensate for low Hb (as Hb is lost, EPO is increased to compensate.)

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16
Q

What is the ratio of stem cells to normal cells in the bone marrow ?

A

1 stem cell per 1000 to 10,000 cells

17
Q

How can we study stem cells ?

A

By colony formation: Assay for stem cells and progenitor cells, adding correct growth factors.

18
Q

Define Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Forming Cell/Unit.

A

Precursor for monoblasts and myeloblasts. Stimulated by growth factors.

19
Q

Define High proliferative potential (HPP)-CFC.

A

Colony forming cells able “to form large colonies in vitro (diameters greater than 0.5 mm and containing approximately 50,000 cells) in bone marrow cell cultures”