Bone and Joints of the Lower Limb Flashcards
What makes up the Pelvic Girdle
Hip bones, sacrum and coccyx
What are the three bones of hip bone?
Illium, Ischium and Pubic bones
What are the functions the Pelvic Girdle
What are the pelvic joints and describe a bit about them
What is the function of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
- Prevents the sacrum from tilting forwards and they convert the sciatic notches into greater and lesser foramen (allows for passage of nerves and vessels)
What are the four different gateways and what runs through them
- Greater Sciatic foramen - Sciatic nerve, gluteal neurovascular bundle, pudental
- Lesser Sciatic foramen- Internal Pudendal neurovascular bundle
- Obturator canal - Obturator neurovascular bundle
- Femoral ring (gap between inguinal ligament and pelvic bone) - Femoral neurovascular bundle
Look at the features of the proximal femur
see images of lunate, acetabulum, intertrochanteric line and crest
Describe features of the acetabulum
Describe some features of the hip bone joint capsule
What is the function of the ligaments around the hip bone
Prevent overextension, stabalize the joint and save energy during standing
What is the function of the Zona Orbicularis
It is a ring like structure which connects the fibrous capsule to the neck of the femur and prevents dislocation
What are some of the ligaments of the hip joint capsule
What is Shenton’s line?
If fractured or dislocated this line becomes disrupted
Look at the main features of the distal femur, patella and proximal tibia and fibula.
Describe some of the features of the knee joint capsule
It is incomplete because anteriorly the fibrous capsule is replaced by the quadriceps tendon (patellar ligament) and the patella and fat pads on either side of the patella ligament
Posteriorly, what is the fibrous capsule reinforced by?
knee
Oblique popliteal ligament - expansion of the semimembranous membrane.
Arcuate popliteal ligament.
What are the main bursae of the knee joint?
Suprapatellar bursa, popliteal bursa, anserine bursa (pes bursa) and the gastrocnemius bursae
What are the collateral ligaments of the knee joint?
What are the Meninsci and what are their functions?
Two cresent-shaped fibrocartilage (medial and lateral meniscus)
Functions - Increase match of articular surfaces, dissipate the forces on articular cartilage, absorb shock, decrease friction, participate in locking of the knees, proprioception.
Where are the horns of the menisci attached? and how are they interconnected? How do they move?
Describe some of the features of the medial and lateral meniscus?
Where does the meniscofemoral ligament extend from?
Extend from posterior horn of lateral meniscus to medial condyle of femur
Describe some features of the cruciate ligaments
What is the collodiaphysial angle?
Angle between the long axes of the neck and shaft of femur (normally wider in babies anyways). The types are Coxa vara (small), normal and Coxa valga (large angel)
What is the Q angle
The angel between the anatomical axis of the femur and that of the tibia
What are the bones of the ankle joint?
Tibia, Fibula and talus. Calcaneus is not considered part of the ankle
Describe the collateral ligaments of the ankle
Medial (deltoid) ligaments - Resists dislocation during eversion of foot
Lateral ligament - resists over inversion (injury to this ligament is what is known as a sprained ankel)
Describe the bones of the foot
What are the joints and movements of the foot?
Describe some of the features of the transverse tarsal joint
ligaments
Two important ligaments support the joints and planter arches; Long plantar ligament and spring ligament (prevents flat foot)
