Introduction to Psychology / Chapter 1

Question 1

What is psychology?

Answer 1

The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.

Question 2

What does “behaviour and mental processes” encompass?

Answer 2

Not only what people do, but also their thoughts, emotions, perceptions, reasoning processes, memories, and biological acitivities that maintain bodily functioning.

Question 3

What ancient operation was performed when people thought psychological problems were caused by evil spirits?

Answer 3

Trephining

- chipping a hole in a patient’s skull

Question 4

What 18th century physician argued that a trained observer could discern basic personality characteristics from the shape and number of bumps on a person’s skull, and what was this called?

Answer 4

• Franz Joseph Gall

- phrenology

Question 5

What do you call the perspective that Sigmund Freud developed?

Answer 5

Psychodynamic

Question 6

What discipline and where can psychology’s be roots traced back to?

Answer 6

• Ancient Greeks

- Philosophers

Question 7

Which philosopher believed children were born into the world with minds like “blank slates” (tabula rasa)?

Answer 7

John Locke, of 17th century Britain

Question 8

What is considered the formal beginning of psychology?

Answer 8

• When Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental lab devoted to psychological phenomena
• 1879, Leipzig, Germany
• at the same time William James was setting up a lab in Cambridge

Question 9

Out of John Locke, Rene Descartes, and Plato, who believed some knowledge was inborn in humans?

Answer 9

Rene Descartes and Plato.

Question 10

***What was Wundt’s aim, and was was his perspective called?

Answer 10

• To study the building blocks of the mind

- “structuralism”

Question 11

*Wundt and his followers used a procedure known as _______ as part of their study in structuralism.

Answer 11

introspection

Question 12

What is introspection?

Answer 12

A procedure where people are presented with a trgger/stimulus, then asked to describe in detail in their own words what they were experiencing.

Question 13

True or false: Wundt and other structuralists used introspection.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

True or false: Wundt and other structuralists used functionalism.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

Which perspective replaced structuralism?

Answer 15

Functionalism

Question 16

What does functionalism concentrate on?

Answer 16

What the mind DOES and how behaviour functions.

Question 17

American psychologist William James led what?

Answer 17

• William James led functionalists
• examining how behaviour allows people to satisfy their needs
• how our “Stream of consciousness” permits us to adapt to our environment
• first to apply psychology practically

Question 18

Which early psychologist was heavily influenced by Darwinism?

Answer 18

William James

Question 19

Which early psychologist was one of the first to focus on child development and women’s issues?

Answer 19

Leta Setter Hollingworth

Question 20

What are 5 major perspectives of psychology?

Answer 20

Neuroscience
Psychodynamic
Behavioural
Cognitive
Humanistic

Question 21

*How does a neuroscience perspective view behaviour?

Answer 21

From perspective of biological functioning

Question 22

*Describe the psychodynamic perspective’s belief.

Answer 22

Believes behaviour is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control.

Question 23

*What does a behavioural perspective of psychology focus on?

Answer 23

Observable behaviours

Question 24

*Which perspective of psychology examines how people think about and understand the world?

Answer 24

Cognitive

Question 25

*What does a humanistic perspective of psychology contend?

Answer 25

That people control their behaviour and that they naturally try to reach their full potential.

Question 26

*What does the behavioural neuroscience perspective mainly examine?

Answer 26

How the brain and nervous system -and other biological processes- determine behaviour.

Question 27

Which perspective of psychology might be concerned with how brain chemistry is predicted by psychological states like depression or anxiety?

Answer 27

Behavioural neuroscience

Question 28

foret this

Answer 28

forget ths

Question 29

What are 3 major contributions Freud made?

Answer 29

1) Notion that we have a subconscious
2) Proposing that our early childhood experiences shape us as adults
3) Proposing that psychological difficulties can be treated with psychological (Rather than biological) means.

(Talk therapy)

Question 30

Which perspective grew out of a rejection of early emphasis on the inner workings of the mind?

Answer 30

Behavioural. Focusing on observable behaviour is better for objective study.

Question 31

Which major behavioural psychologist advocated that it was possible to elicit any type of desired behaviour by controlling a person’s environment?

Answer 31

John B. Watson

Question 32

Which perspective focuses on higher mental processes, such as thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language?

Answer 32

Cognitive psychology

Question 33

How do cognitive psycholgoists view thinking?

Answer 33

As “information processing”, like a computer.

Question 34

Which field of psychology arose as a reaction to the pessimistic view of Freud’s therories, that we are held hostage by our early childhood experiences?

Answer 34

Humanistic psychology

Question 35

Which perspective of psychology has an emphasis on free will?

Answer 35

Humanistic psychology

Question 36

Which branch of psychology studies processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the would?

Answer 36

Experimental psychology

Question 37

What issue are developmental and personality psychologists particularly interested in?

Answer 37

Nature versus nurture

Question 38

What is health psychology versus clinical psychology?

Answer 38

• Health psychology explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease
• clinical psychology is the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders

Question 39

What does clinical neuropsychology focus on?

Answer 39

The origin of psychological disorders in biological factors

- ie. structure and chemistry of the brain

Question 40

Which Canadian psychologist was recognized in 195 for work with a patient, “H.M.” with short-term memory loss

Answer 40

Brenda Milner