Chapter 6: Memory - Module 18: The Foundations of Memory

Question 1

What are the 3 basic processes in memory?

Answer 1

1. Encoding: Initial recording of information
2. Storage: Information saved for future use
3. Retrieval: Recovery of stored information

Question 2

What are the three types of memory systems in the three-stage model of memory?

Answer 2

1. Sensory memories
2. Short-term memory
3. Long-term memory

Question 3

True or false: the three stages of the three-stage model of memory are like mini warehouses.

Answer 3

FALSE. They represent three different types of memory systems with different characteristics.

Question 4

Iconic memory and echoeic memory are examples of what type of memory? (p. 200)

Answer 4

Sensory

Question 5

Does short-term memory have complete, or incomplete representational capabilities? (p. 201)

Answer 5

Incomplete

Question 6

The transfer of materials from short-term to long-term memory rely largely on what? (p. 201)

Answer 6

Rehearsal, the repetition of information that has entered short-term memory

Question 7

What is elaborative rehearsal? (p. 202)

Answer 7

A form of rehearsal of short-term memory that is considered and organized in some fashion. Eg. expanding to fit a logical framework

Question 8

What do you call organizational strategies for elaborative rehearsal? (p. 202)

Answer 8

Mnemonics

Question 9

With the view that working memory manages both new material and older material from long-term storage, short-term memory is referred to as ______ _______. (p. 203)

Answer 9

Working memory

Question 10

The central executive processor in working memory is thought to have these 3 distinct storage-and-rehearsal systems. (p. 203)

Answer 10

visual store, verbal store, episodic buffer

Question 11

True or false: stress can reduce the effectiveness of working memory. (p. 204)

Answer 11

True

Question 12

The primacy effect and the recency effect fall under what? (p. 204-205)

Answer 12

The serial position effect

Question 13

What is the first breakdown of long-term memory modules? (p. 205, 206)

Answer 13

1. Declarative memory - who, what, when, where

2. Procedural/nondeclarative memory - how

Question 14

The declarative memory module can be broken down into what two types of memory? (p. 205, 206)

Answer 14

1. semantic memory - general knowledge and facts

2. episodic memory - personal memories at a particular time and place

Question 15

Oral history and storytelling (eg. in Indigenous cultures) is an example of what? (p. 207)

Answer 15

Collective episodic memory

Question 16

What is the name of an organizational tool used to recall detailed information for long-term memory by associations?

Answer 16

Semantic networks (p. 209).

Question 17

What is the engram?

Answer 17

The physical memory trace that corresponds to a memory. (p. 210)

Question 18

True or false: the hippocampus and amygdala both play a central role in memory formation.

Answer 18

True. (p. 210)

Question 19

What do you call the process where memories become fixed and stable in long-term memories?

Answer 19

Consolidation.

p. 211