Chapter 6: Memory - Module 19: Recalling Long-Term Memories

Question 1

What do you call it when you’re convinced you know the name of something but you can’t recall it?

Answer 1

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

p. 213

Question 2

What is a retrieval cue?

p. 213

Answer 2

A stimulus that allows us to recall memory more easily.

Question 3

• What is recall vs recognition?

(p. 213)

Answer 3

• Recall = a specific piece of information needs to be retrieved, like a fill-in-the blank.
• Recognition = presented with a stimulus are you have to identify it from a list of alternative, or whether you have been exposed to it before.

Question 4

“a search through memory, retrieval of potentially relevant information, then a decision regarding whether or not it is accurate. If it is, the search is over. If not, it must continue.”

This series of processes describes what?

Answer 4

Recall

p. 213

Question 5

***The levels-of-processing theory emphasizes what? (p. 215)

Answer 5

The degree to which new material is being analyzed determines how much of it is ultimately remembered.

Question 6

True or false: in the levels-of-processing theory, at more shallow levels information is processed merely in terms of physical and sensory aspects.

Give an example to explain why or why not.

Answer 6

True. At a shallow level, one might only look at the shape of the word “dog”. At an intermediate level, we may see them as individual meaningful units: letters. At the deepest level, it is processed as its meaning; a a mammal with four legs and a tail, its relation to other animals…
(p. 215)

Question 7

***What is explicit memory?

Answer 7

Intentional or conscious recollection of information. Eg. trying to remember a name or date. (p. 216)

Question 8

***What is implicit memory?

Answer 8

• Memories you are not aware of, but can affect your behaviour and performance
• skills that operate automatically like jumping out of the way of a car; vague feeling of disliking someone without being able to remember what they did.
• Related to prejudice of minority groups

Question 9

What is priming?

p. 216

Answer 9

Phenomenon where exposure to a particular word or concept later makes it easier to recall related information, even if the prime (stimulus) lies in implicit memory.

Question 10

“Retention without remembering” is related to what type of memory?

Answer 10

Implicit. (p. 216)

Question 11

What are flashbulb memories? (p. 217)

Answer 11

Memories related to a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid they represent a virtual snapshot of events.

(Eg. When I learned about the potential brewing of WW3 starting with America and Iran, I can remember so many details about that Costco grocery shopping trip)

Question 12

“I remember exactly where I Was and what I ahd been doing ehen I learned about the potential brewing of WW3 starting with America and Iran. I was at Costco with my mom, although she was in a different part of the store. I remember where I was in the store, what products were around, and a pun I made about the shrimp wontons we were buying. All very trivial things.”

What is this an example of?

Answer 12

Flashbulb memories

p. 217

Question 13

True or false: flashbulb memories are sometimes inaccurate.

Answer 13

True :/

Eg. All the people who think they remember seeing the twin towers fall, but they didn’t. (p. 217)

Question 14

What do you call it when you can remember some material but you cannot remember from where?

Answer 14

Source amnesia

p. 217

Question 15

***What do you call processes where memories are influenced by the meaning we give them?

Answer 15

Constructive processes.

p. 218

Question 16

What are schemas?

Answer 16

Sir Fredric Bartlett’s suggestions that people remember things in organized bodies of information that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled. (p. 219)

Question 17

Why might eyewitnesses to a crime have inaccurate memories of it?

Answer 17

3 examples:

• the wording of questions
• the impact of weapons, drawing away peoples’ attentions to other details
• reliability (or lack thereof) of children’s memories

Question 18

True or false: Repressed memories and False memories are the same thing.

Answer 18

False. (No they’re not the same thing.)

p. 221

Question 19

What are autobiographical memories, and are these always true?

Answer 19

Recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives. And no, they are not always true, such as if the reality doesn’t fit the way we currently view ourselves.