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Intro to Psych > Ch 1 Module 3: Research in Psychology > Flashcards

Ch 1 Module 3: Research in Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

True or false: a major undertaking for the field of psychology is developing suppositions about behaviour and to determine which of those suppositions are accurate

A

True

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2
Q

What are the 3 main steps of the scientific method?

A

1) Identifying Questions of Interest
2) Formulating an explanation
3) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation.

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3
Q

What is a theory?

A

Plausible explanations for existing and true facts.

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4
Q

What theory says that the greater number of bystanders or witnesses to an event that calls for help, the the more the responsibility for helping is perceived to be shared by all the bystanders.

A

Diffusion of responsibility

Latane & Darley, 1970

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5
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested.

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6
Q

Analyzing crime data from the past few years wold be called ______ research.

A

Archival

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7
Q

What is “research”?

A

Systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge

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8
Q

What do you call the translation of the hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed?

A

Operational definition

eg. “feeling apathy” —> Not calling the police

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9
Q

In what type of descriptive research does the investigator just record what happens, and makes no modifications to the situation they are observing?

A

Naturalistic observation

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10
Q

What is a drawback of naturalistic observation?

A
  • You don’t get to control any factors of interest.
  • You have to wait for appropriate conditions to occur
    > may not be able to get enough information to draw conclusions
    > researcher may have to keep waiting at the same spot, and if people know they are being watched it may alter their behaviour
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11
Q

What are three types of descriptive research?

A

Naturalistic observation
Survey Research
Case studies

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12
Q

In Survey research, what is the group of interest called?

A

A population

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13
Q

In survey research, what is a portion of the population used for the study called?

A

Sample

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14
Q

What are the benefits of survey research?

A
  • collect huge amount of data quickly and cheaply

- study information that might not be easily studied in a lab, like sexual behaviour

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15
Q

What are drawbacks of survey research?

A
  • people may respond if the survey is biased

- respondents may lie

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16
Q

What kind of questions does a good survey contain?

A
  • “lie items”

[my thought: sometimes people aren’t actually lying, so if that data is just not counted then the sample has just been biased.]

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17
Q

What is a “case study”?

A

An in-depth, intensive investigation on an individual or small group of people

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18
Q

What are benefits of case studies?

A
  • rich and detailed information
  • allows study of rare or unusual situations
  • allows study of phenomena that wouldnt be possible to study in a lab; eg. serial killers
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19
Q

What is a drawback of case studies?

A

If individuals examined are too unique, it’s impossible to make valid generalizations about a larger population.

20
Q

What are variables?

A

Behaviours, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way.

21
Q

In correlational research, how many sets of variables are examined to determine whether they are associated?

A

Two

22
Q

In correlational research, the relationship between the two variables is represented by a correlation/correlational coefficient within what range?

A

+1.0 to -1.0

23
Q

What kind of correlation is it when when one variable increases, so does the other?

A

positive correlation

24
Q

What kind of correlation is it when one variable increases, the other decreases?

A

negative correlation

eg. more friends, less stress

25
Q

What would we call a relationship with a correlation of -0.02, or +0.03?

A

Having a lack of relationship

26
Q

True or false: When there is strong correlation, we can assume certain causation.

A

False

27
Q

When the relationship between two or more variables is investigated by deliberately changing one variable in a controlled situation and observing the effects the changes have… this is called a(n) ____________

A

Experiment

28
Q

What is “experimental manipulation”, or the “treatment” that one group receives in an experiment?

A

The change the researcher deliberately makes in an experiment.

29
Q

Any group that receives “treatment” in experimental research is called ______

A

An experimental group

30
Q

Any group that does NOT receive “treatment” in experimental research is called ______

A

a control group

31
Q

What is the independent variable in an experiment?

A

The condition being manipulated by the experimenter

eg. NOT the placebo when testing a drug

32
Q

What is the dependent variable in an experiment?

A

The non-manipulated variable that is expected to change as a result of the experimenter’s manipulation of the independent variable (the other variable).

33
Q

What is a “confound”?

A

An extraneous variable that could affect the dependent variable, and therefore the validity of the experiment.

(eg. If the whole control group was male and the whole experimental group was female)

34
Q

What do you call the procedure where participants are assigned to different experimental groups by chance and chance alone?

A

Random assignment to condition

35
Q

True or false: to control confounds the experimental and control group must be treated the same.

A

Yes

eg. the real medication and the placebo have to look exactly the same

36
Q

Significant outcome

A

the results are truly meaningful, determined by statistical analysis

37
Q

What procedure allows psychologists to combine the results of many separate studies?

A

meta-analysis

p 34, 35

38
Q

True or false: the only time informed consent and debriefing can be eliminated is in experiments where the risks are minimal, as in purely observational study in a public place.

A

True

39
Q

What do you call factors that distort the way the independent variable affects the dependent variable?

A

experimental bias

40
Q

What is experimenter expectations?

A

An experimenter unintentionally transmits cues to participants about the way they are expected to behave

41
Q

Why might an experimenter try to disguise the true purpose of the experiment?

A

To prevent experimental bias of participant expectations

42
Q

When it is impossible to prevent someone from knowing the purpose of the experiment (participant expectation) what might be used?

A

Placebo

43
Q

What is a double-blind procedure?

A

Both the experimenter and the participant are kept “blind” to what is placebo and what is the real deal.

44
Q

Indigenous Psychology seeks to integrate what, for what purpose?

A
  • traditional knowledge
  • to solve problems in first national communities

p. 20

45
Q

Explain informed consent.

A

Participants signing a document affirming they have been told the basic outline of the study, and aware of what the study will involve, and the fact that participation is voluntary and may be terminated at any time.

46
Q

Complete this sentence:

Experimenter expectations and participant expectations are amoung other things that threaten _______ _______.

A

experimental validity

Intro to Psych (23 decks)

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