Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards by Angelica Cejas

Q

Study of microorganisms, or microbes, a diverse group of generally minute, simple life-forms that are too small to be seen by the naked eyes; bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.

A

Microbiology

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Q

Study of microbial pathogens that are considered health threats to people

A

Clinical Microbiology

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Q

Studies the practical application and use of beneficial microorganisms in food processing

A

Food Microbiology

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Q

study of protozoans; the simplest and most primitive forms of animal life.

A

Protozoology

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Q

study of fungi

A

Mycology

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Q

study of bacteria

A

Bacteriology

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Q

study of rickettsiae, which are considered traditional organisms between
bacteria and viruses

A

Rickettsiology

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Q

study of virus

A

Virology

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Q

His studies of the mode of syphilis transmission are an early example of epidemiology.

CHOICES:
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek,Girolamo Fracastoro, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister, Hans Christian Gram, Alexander Fleming

A

Girolamo Fracastoro

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Q

Discovered the bacteria, free-living and parasitic microscopic protest, sperm cells, blood cells, parasites, and fungi

CHOICES:
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek,Girolamo Fracastoro, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister, Hans Christian Gram, Alexander Fleming

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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Q

Introduced carbolic acid as a chemical sterilizing agent for surgical instruments. He also said “Bacteria must never gain entry to an open wound”

CHOICES:
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek,Girolamo Fracastoro, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister, Hans Christian Gram, Alexander Fleming

A

Joseph Lister

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Q

Known for his development of Gram Stain; a standard technique to classify bacteria and make them visible under the microscope.

CHOICES:
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek,Girolamo Fracastoro, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister, Hans Christian Gram, Alexander Fleming

A

Hans Christian Gram

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Q

Discovered Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin).

CHOICES:
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek,Girolamo Fracastoro, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister, Hans Christian Gram, Alexander Fleming

A

Alexander Fleming

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Q

He identified the specific causative agent of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.

CHOICES:
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek,Girolamo Fracastoro, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister, Hans Christian Gram, Alexander Fleming

A

Robert Koch

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Q

with a true nucleus containing the cells’ genetic materials.

A

Eukaryotic cells

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Q

without true nucleus and have free-floating genetic materials

A

Prokaryotic cells

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Q

It gives shape to the bacteria, composed mainly of peptidoglycan and it determines the gram stain reaction

A

Cell wall

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Q

_________ is a special staining method done for those microorganisms that are not staining by simple or Gram staining method particularly the member of genus Mycobacterium.

A

Acid-fast stain

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Q

Primary dye - Carbol fuschin -Red (Acid-fast and Non-Acid fast). True or False

A

True

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Q

Counter stain - Methylene blue - Blue (Acid-fast), Red ( Non-Acid fast). True or False

A

False [Red (Acid-fast), Blue ( Non-Acid fast)]

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Q

Decolorizer - Acid alcohol - Red (Acid-fast), Yellow ( Non-Acid fast). True or False

A

False [Red (Acid-fast), Colorless ( Non-Acid fast)]

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Q

What are the 2 dyeing procedures?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen (Hot Stain) and Kinyoun (Cold Stain)

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Q

alkaline methylene

blue is used to counterstain in Ziehl-Neelsen procedure only. True or False

A

False (both procedures)

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Q

Lipoprotein layer that surrounds the cytoplasm.

A

Cell membrane

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site of protein synthesis.

Ribosome

Thin semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell and site of energy production

Cell membrane

point of attachment of chromosomes.

Cell mesosomes

a special though, dormant, and resistant spore produced by some gram positive bacteria. Bacillus and Clostridium are the most studied endospore forming bacteria genera.

Cell endospore

considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease.

Cell capsule

Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus anthracis, and Neisseria meningitidis is a medically important encapsulated bacteria. True or False

True

Helps the bacteria to attach the host cell surface. Most of the human pathogens of respiratory tract, urinary tract are attached with its help.

Cell pili

______ also act as receptor for bacteriophage.

F-pili

helps motility of bacteria

Cell flagella

Several flagella attached overall the organism CHOICES: Amphitrichous, Peritrichous, Monotrichous, Lophotrichous

Peritrichous

Single flagellum attached at both ends of the organism CHOICES: Amphitrichous, Peritrichous, Monotrichous, Lophotrichous

Amphitrichous

Several flagella attached at one end of the organism or the other CHOICES: Amphitrichous, Peritrichous, Monotrichous, Lophotrichous

Lophotrichous

single flagellum CHOICES: Amphitrichous, Peritrichous, Monotrichous, Lophotrichous

Monotrichous

The pH level and temperature are factors that may affect the growth of bacteria. True or False

True

contains nutrients and physical growth parameters necessary for the enrichment and growth of microorganisms.

Culture media or growth medium

can be classified on the basis of composition, consistency, and purpose

Bacterial culture media

Prepared with agar at concentrations of 0.5% or less. Additionally, it has a soft custard-like consistency.

Semisolid

It contains agar at a concentration of 1.5-2.0% or some other, mostly inert solidifying agent. This media is useful for isolating bacteria or for determining the colony characteristics of the isolate.

Solid

These media contain specific amounts of nutrients but don’t have a trace of gelling agents such as gelatin or agar.

Liquid (Broth)

Used to grow nutritionally exacting (fastidious) bacteria. Addition of extra nutrients in the form of blood, serum, egg yolk, etc, to basal medium makes enriched media. CHOICES: Transport media, Storage media, Selective media, Simple media, Enriched media, Differential media

Enriched media

Media used for storing the bacteria for a long period of time. Examples are Egg saline medium, chalk cooked meat broth. CHOICES: Transport media, Storage media, Selective media, Simple media, Enriched media, Differential media

Storage media

An indicator is placed in a medium; examples are blood, neutral red, tellurite. A particular organism changes the color of the indicator. Blood agar and MacConkey are indictor medias. CHOICES: Transport media, Storage media, Selective media, Simple media, Enriched media, Differential media

Differential media

It supports most non-fastidious bacteria. These media are generally used for the primary isolation of microorganisms CHOICES: Transport media, Storage media, Selective media, Simple media, Enriched media, Differential media

Simple media

This media favour the growth of particular bacterium by inhibiting the growth of undesired bacteria and allowing the growth of the desired bacteria. MacConkey agar, Lowenstein-Jensen media, tellurite media are examples of selective media. CHOICES: Transport media, Storage media, Selective media, Simple media, Enriched media, Differential media

Selective media

Used when specimen cannot be cultured soon after collection. Examples are Cary-Blair medium, Amies medium, Stuart medium. CHOICES: Transport media, Storage media, Selective media, Simple media, Enriched media, Differential media

Transport media

Classification of culture media based on dispensing * Plated * Tubed True or False

True

Gram (+) cocci arranged in pairs or chains, Aerotolerant anaerobes, Some are capnophilic, Catalase negative, and Non-motile

Gram positive cocci streptococcus

Gram (+) cocci arranged in tetrads or clusters, Facultative anaerobes, Catalase positive, Oxidase Negative, Non-motile, and Grows in 7.5-10% NaCl

Gram positive cocci staphylococcus

When gram-positive bacteria are shaped like rods, they’re known as ________.

bacilli

Small, round, glistening, dome-shaped, mucoid colonies. Colonies tend umbilicated as they age; alpha hemolytic CHOICES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

LJ MEDIUM - tan to buff in color, rough, dry, warty, granular “CAULIFLOWER APPEARANCE” - 2 months to grow CHOICES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Virulence factor: • Hemolysin • Protein p60 CHOICES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Listeria monocytogenes

Cystine- tellurite blood agar and Tinsdale’s agar o Black colonies with brown halo CHOICES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Neufeld Quellung positive CHOICES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Slender, slightly curved rod shaped microorganism measuring 0.2 – 0.6 μ in diameter and 1-4 μ in length CHOICES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Pleomorphic Gram (+) Bacilli and Non motile CHOICES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Clinical Significance: Pneumonia, Sinusitis, Otitis Media, Bacteremia, and Meninigitis CHOICES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Virulence Factor: Capsular polysaccharide CHOICES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Virulence factor: Diphtheria toxin CHOICES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

pink mucoid colonies CHOICES: Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonnorhea

Klebsiella

Small, tan, translucent and raised CHOICES: Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonnorhea

Neisseria gonnorhea

MacConkey Positive CHOICES: Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonnorhea

Enterobacteriaceae

selective differential for G- bacilli CHOICES: Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonnorhea

Escherichia coli

Reduces Nitrate to Nitrite CHOICES: Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonnorhea

Enterobacteriaceae

Clinical significance: Urethritis & cervicitis, conjunctivitis CHOICES: Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonnorhea

Neisseria gonnorhea

Glucose Fermenters CHOICES: Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonnorhea

Enterobacteriaceae

``` Disease syndromes • Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) • Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) • Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) • Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) • Enteroadherent E. coli (EAEC) ``` CHOICES: Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonnorhea

Escherichia coli

Clinical significance: RTI, Wound infections, UTI, Blood infections, and CSF infections CHOICES: Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonnorhea

Klebsiella

K. pneumoniae, K. ozaenae, K. rhinoscleromatis CHOICES: Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonnorhea

Klebsiella

Facultative anaerobes and Oxidase Negative CHOICES: Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonnorhea

Enterobacteriaceae

________ is a test that provides a clinician with therapeutic guidelines. It indicates which antibiotic is effective in killing the bacteria that has caused the infection or disease.

AST or Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Used to determine broth the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), and it yields quantitative results

Broth Dilution Technique

What technique or method is the following: * standard medium : 4mm thick Mueller – Hinton agar (MHA) * Standard inoculum size:1.5 x 108 CFU/mL * Standard turbidity: 0.5 McFarland standard: 99.5 mL 1% H2SO4 + -.5mL 1.175% BaCl2

Disk diffusion Technique (Kirby bauer method)