Healthcare Waste Management Flashcards
10-25% = Non-risk or “general” waste (comparable to domestic waste). From administrative, maintenance, and housekeeping functions. True or False
False (10-25% = Hazardous and creates a variety of healthcare risk (Also known as Healthcare risk waste))
All the waste generated by healthcare establishments, research facilities, and laboratories
Healthcare Wastes
Human tissues or fluids e.g. body parts; blood and other body fluids; fetuses
CHOICES:
Infectious Waste, Pathological Waste, Sharps, Pharmaceutical Waste, Genotoxic Waste, Chemical Waste, Wastes with high content of heavy metal, Pressurized containers, Radioactive waste
Pathological Waste
Waste containing radioactive substances e.g. unused liquids from radiotherapy or laboratory research; contaminated glassware
CHOICES:
Infectious Waste, Pathological Waste, Sharps, Pharmaceutical Waste, Genotoxic Waste, Chemical Waste, Wastes with high content of heavy metal, Pressurized containers, Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste
Batteries; broken thermometers; blood-pressure gauges; etc.
CHOICES:
Infectious Waste, Pathological Waste, Sharps, Pharmaceutical Waste, Genotoxic Waste, Chemical Waste, Wastes with high content of heavy metal, Pressurized containers, Radioactive waste
Wastes with high content of heavy metal
Gas cylinders; gas cartridges; aerosol cans
CHOICES:
Infectious Waste, Pathological Waste, Sharps, Pharmaceutical Waste, Genotoxic Waste, Chemical Waste, Wastes with high content of heavy metal, Pressurized containers, Radioactive waste
Pressurized containers
absorbent paper; urine and excreta from patients treated or tested with unsealed radionuclides; sealed sources
CHOICES:
Infectious Waste, Pathological Waste, Sharps, Pharmaceutical Waste, Genotoxic Waste, Chemical Waste, Wastes with high content of heavy metal, Pressurized containers, Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste
Waste containing substances with genotoxic properties e.g. waste containing cytostatic drugs (often used in cancer therapy); genotoxic chemicals
CHOICES:
Infectious Waste, Pathological Waste, Sharps, Pharmaceutical Waste, Genotoxic Waste, Chemical Waste, Wastes with high content of heavy metal, Pressurized containers, Radioactive waste
Genotoxic Waste
Waste containing pharmaceuticals e.g. pharmaceuticals that are expired or no longer needed; items contaminated by or containing pharmaceuticals (bottles, boxes)
CHOICES:
Infectious Waste, Pathological Waste, Sharps, Pharmaceutical Waste, Genotoxic Waste, Chemical Waste, Wastes with high content of heavy metal, Pressurized containers, Radioactive waste
Pharmaceutical Waste
Waste containing chemical substances e.g. laboratory reagents; film developer; disinfectants that are expired or no longer needed; solvents
CHOICES:
Infectious Waste, Pathological Waste, Sharps, Pharmaceutical Waste, Genotoxic Waste, Chemical Waste, Wastes with high content of heavy metal, Pressurized containers, Radioactive waste
Chemical Waste
Sharp waste e.g. needles; infusion sets; scalpels; knives; blades; broken glass
CHOICES:
Infectious Waste, Pathological Waste, Sharps, Pharmaceutical Waste, Genotoxic Waste, Chemical Waste, Wastes with high content of heavy metal, Pressurized containers, Radioactive waste
Sharps
Waste suspected to contain pathogens e.g. laboratory cultures; waste from isolation wards; tissues (swabs), materials, or equipment that have been in contact with infected patients; excreta
CHOICES:
Infectious Waste, Pathological Waste, Sharps, Pharmaceutical Waste, Genotoxic Waste, Chemical Waste, Wastes with high content of heavy metal, Pressurized containers, Radioactive waste
Infectious Waste
The general public and hospital patients are at significant risk of agents spread through other media like sewage
Impact of infectious waste and sharps
many cases result from the improper handling of chemicals or pharmaceuticals in healthcare establishments
Impact of chemical and pharmaceutical –waste
No scientific publication has yet reported adverse effects on health resulting from mismanagement of genotoxic waste
Impacts of genotoxic waste
In any healthcare establishment, nurses and housekeeping personnel are the main groups at risk of injuries; annual injury rates are 10–20 per 1000 workers.
Impact of infectious waste and sharps
The only recorded accidents involving exposure to ionizing radiations in health-care settings have resulted from unsafe operation of X-ray apparatus, improper handling of radiotherapy solutions, or inadequate control of radiotherapy
CHOICES:
Impacts of genotoxic waste, Impacts of radioactive waste, Impact of infectious waste and sharps, Impact of chemical and pharmaceutical –waste
Impacts of radioactive waste
Requires the registration of waste generators, waste transporters, and operators of toxic and hazardous waste treatment facilities with the EMB
CHOICES:
R.A No. 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”, R.A No. 8749 “The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”, Republic Act no. 4226 “Hospital Licensure Act” (1965), Republic Act no. 6969 Än Act to Control Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes” (1990)
Republic Act no. 6969 Än Act to Control Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes” (1990)
An act that requires the registration and licensure of all hospitals in the country
CHOICES:
R.A No. 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”, R.A No. 8749 “The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”, Republic Act no. 4226 “Hospital Licensure Act” (1965), Republic Act no. 6969 Än Act to Control Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes” (1990)
Republic Act no. 4226 “Hospital Licensure Act” (1965)
prohibits incineration of bio-medical wastes
CHOICES:
R.A No. 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”, R.A No. 8749 “The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”, Republic Act no. 4226 “Hospital Licensure Act” (1965), Republic Act no. 6969 Än Act to Control Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes” (1990)
R.A No. 8749 “The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”
mandates the segregation of solid wastes at the sources including households and institutions like hospitals by using a separate container for each type of waste.
CHOICES:
R.A No. 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”, R.A No. 8749 “The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”, Republic Act no. 4226 “Hospital Licensure Act” (1965), Republic Act no. 6969 Än Act to Control Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes” (1990)
R.A No. 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”
Protection, preservation and revival of the quality of the country’s fresh, brackish, and marine waters
CHOICES:
Presidental Decree 813 (1975) and Executive Order 927 (1983) “Strengthening the Functions of Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)”, R.A No. 9275 “The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004” , Presidential Decree 856 “The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines – Chapter XVII on Sewage Collection and Excreta Disposal” (1998), Presidential decree No. 1586 “Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System” (1978)
R.A No. 9275 “The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004”
environmental protection and jurisdiction over surface waters of the Laguna Lake basin.
CHOICES:
Presidental Decree 813 (1975) and Executive Order 927 (1983) “Strengthening the Functions of Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)”, R.A No. 9275 “The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004” , Presidential Decree 856 “The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines – Chapter XVII on Sewage Collection and Excreta Disposal” (1998), Presidential decree No. 1586 “Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System” (1978)
Presidental Decree 813 (1975) and Executive Order 927 (1983) “Strengthening the Functions of Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)”
Approval of DOH regarding toilets, sewage systems, and septic tanks
CHOICES:
Presidental Decree 813 (1975) and Executive Order 927 (1983) “Strengthening the Functions of Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)”, R.A No. 9275 “The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004” , Presidential Decree 856 “The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines – Chapter XVII on Sewage Collection and Excreta Disposal” (1998), Presidential decree No. 1586 “Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System” (1978)
Presidential Decree 856 “The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines – Chapter XVII on Sewage Collection and Excreta Disposal” (1998)
requires projects to secure Environmental Compliance Commitment Certificate (ECC)
CHOICES:
Presidental Decree 813 (1975) and Executive Order 927 (1983) “Strengthening the Functions of Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)”, R.A No. 9275 “The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004” , Presidential Decree 856 “The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines – Chapter XVII on Sewage Collection and Excreta Disposal” (1998), Presidential decree No. 1586 “Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System” (1978)
Presidential decree No. 1586 “Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System” (1978)
Wastes are minimized even before their generation
CHOICES:
Recover, Dispose, Recycle, Treat, Reuse, Reduce, Prevent
Prevent
Implementedbyencouragingproper waste segregation to determine the nature and volume of generated wastes to allow efficient waste management at the least cost
CHOICES:
Recover, Dispose, Recycle, Treat, Reuse, Reduce, Prevent
Reduce
Either finding a new application for a used material or using the same product for the same application repeatedly.
CHOICES:
Recover, Dispose, Recycle, Treat, Reuse, Reduce, Prevent
Reuse
Processing of used materials into new products
CHOICES:
Recover, Dispose, Recycle, Treat, Reuse, Reduce, Prevent
Recycle
(1) energy recovery, whereby waste is converted to fuel for generating electricity or for direct heating of premises and (2) as a term used to encompass three subsets of waste recovery: recycling, composting, and energy recovery.
CHOICES:
Recover, Dispose, Recycle, Treat, Reuse, Reduce, Prevent
Recover
Processofchangingthebiologicaland chemical characteristics of waste to minimize its potential to cause harm.
CHOICES:
Recover, Dispose, Recycle, Treat, Reuse, Reduce, Prevent
Treat
Discharging, depositing, placing, or releasing any health care waste into air, land, or water.
CHOICES:
Recover, Dispose, Recycle, Treat, Reuse, Reduce, Prevent
Dispose
Hazardous wastes should never be mixed with general wastes. True or False
True
A __________ is needed to be responsible for the management of these wastes.
waste management officer
Segregation at the source of waste generation should be the responsibility of the waste generator. True or False
True
__________ is the process of separating different types of waste at the point of generation until their final disposal.
Segregation
Infectious waste
Yellow plastic that can withstand autoclaving with 0.009mm thickness. Labeled “infectious waste”.
Pathological and Anatomical wastes
Yellow plastic that can withstand autoclaving with 0.009mm thickness. Labeled “Pathological/Anatomical waste”
Sharps
Puncture-proof container with wide mouth, biohazard symbol, and cover labeled “Sharps”
Chemical Waste
labeled “chemical waste”. Inside the bin is a disposal bottle made of amber-colored glass with at least 4L capacity that is strong, chemical- resistant, and leak-proof. Plastic has 0.009mm thickness
Pharmaceutical Waste
Strong leak-proof bin. Liner is yellow with black band plastic with 0.009mm thickness and labelled “Pharmaceutical waste”
Radioactive waste
Radiation proof repositories, leak-proof, and lead-lined container labelled with name of radionuclide. Orange plastic with 0.009mm thickness and labelled “Radioactive”
General Waste
Black or colorless plastic for non- biodegradable and green for biodegradable with a thickness of 0.009mm.
Anatomical waste should be disposed through safe burial or cremation. True or False
True
Pathological waste must be refrigerated if not collected or treated within 12 hours. True or False
False (24 hours)
Highly infectious waste must be disinfected at the source. True or False
True
Hazardous chemical waste are can be disposed of down the drain. True or False
False (Hazardous chemical waste shall never be mixed or disposed of down the drain.)
Waste containing Mercury must be collected separately. True or False
True
Pharmaceuticals shall be kept in their original packaging for proper identification. True or False
True
Uses heat but in the absence of oxygen in a destruction chamber where the waste is converted to gas, liquid, or solid form.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis
Steam sterilization (wet thermal disinfection)
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Autoclave
Temperature of 100oC for at least 30 minutes.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Microwave
Chemicals like sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, and heated alkali are added.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Chemical Disinfection
Enzyme mixture to decontaminate wastes.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Biological Process
Filling of containers with waste and sealing the containers.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Encapsulation
Suitable for pharmaceutical waste that involves the mixing of waste with cement and other substances before disposal.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Intertization
The pharmaceuticals are grounded up, and a mixture of water, lime, and cement will be added. The homogenous mass can be transported to a storage site or poured in a landfill. Relatively inexpensive procedure.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Intertization
Uses either cubic boxes made of high-density polyethylene or metallic drums, that are three-quarters filled with sharps, or chemicals, or pharmaceutical residues. Then filled up with a medium such as plastic foam, bituminous sand, and cement mortar to immobilize. It is then disposed in a landfill.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Encapsulation
Resulting by-product is put through an extruder to remove water.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Biological Process
Recommendation is bleach (sodium hypochlorite) with 5% concentration be used. Disadvantage of this method is that it generates chemical wastes.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Chemical Disinfection
Microorganisms are destroyed by moist heat which irreversibly coagulates and denatures enzymes and structural proteins.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Microwave
Usual setting is 121oC with a pressure of 15 psi for 15 to 30 mins. Indicators are used such as color-changing tapes or biological test ampules containing bacterial spores to check validity.
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Autoclave
Residues may be in the form of greasy aggregates or slugs,recoverable metals, or carbon black. These are then disposed in a landfill
CHOICES:
Intertization, Encapsulation, Biological Process, Chemical Disinfection, Microwave, Autoclave, Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis
An engineered site designed to keep waste isolated from the environment.
Landfil
If no access to landfills, disposal is usually done through safe burial. True or False
True
