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PMLS 1 > Clinical Microscopy > Flashcards

Clinical Microscopy Flashcards

1
Q

Permits a detailed, in-depth assessment of renal status with an easily obtained specimen

A

Urinalysis

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2
Q

Serves as a quick indicator of an individual’s glucose status and hepatic or biliary function

A

Urinalysis

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3
Q

Urine Composition:

Normal ____ water, ___ solutes

A

95%, 5%

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4
Q

Inorganic solutes found in the urine are urea (protein, amino acid breakdown);
also creatinine and uric acid and the Organic solutes are chloride, sodium, potassium

True or False

A

False (Organic, Inorganic)

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5
Q

Formed elements not part of ultrafiltrate may indicate

disease. True or False

A

True

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6
Q

Determined by body’s state of hydration and influenced by fluid intake, nonrenal fluid loss, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) variations, excretion of
large amounts of dissolved solids

A

Urine Volume

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7
Q

<1 mL/kg/hr in infants, < 0.5 mL/kg/hr in children

< 400 mL/day in adults and causes dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, perspiration

A

Oliguria

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8
Q

Increased excretion of urine at night may indicate pregnancy

A

Nocturia

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9
Q

Increased urine output >2.5L in Adult >2.5-3mL/kg/day in children that may a result of Diabetes insipidus, Diabetes mellitus, diuretics

A

Polyuria

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10
Q

Complete cessation of urine flow and may indicate kidney damage, decrease blood flow to the kidney

A

Anuria

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11
Q

Increased volume caused by the need to excrete the excess glucose not reabsorbed from the ultrafiltrate; patients exhibit polydypsia; urine appears dilute with a high specific gravity

A

Diabetes mellitus

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12
Q

Decreased production or function of ADH causing decreased reabsorption of water from ultrafiltrate; urine is dilute with low specific gravity; patients also exhibit polydipsia

A

Diabetes insipidus

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13
Q

The patient’s name, ID number, date, time Time of collection are part of specimen labeling

True or False

A

True

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14
Q

Disposable, wide-mouth, and flat-bottom containers with screw caps are recommended for collecting the specimen

True or False

A

True

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15
Q

An insufficient quantity of urine is can be still tested

True or False

A

False (rejects)

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16
Q

Refrigerate the specimen if testing is delayed

True or False

A

True

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17
Q

The specimen should be tested within 2 hours of collection

True or False

A

True

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18
Q

When the specimen is not tested within 2 hours

Increased: glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen,
RBCs, WBCs, casts
Decreased: color, turbidity, pH, nitrite, bacteria, odor

True or False

A

False
(Increased:color, turbidity, pH, nitrite, bacteria, odor Decreased: glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen,
RBCs, WBCs, casts)

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19
Q

The ideal specimen preservation is _______ as it inhibits urease and preserves formed elements

A

bactericidal

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20
Q

Specimen preservation may cause precipitation of amorphous crystals

True or false

A

True

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21
Q

It preserves glucose and sediments well and it interferes with acid precipitation tests for protein

A

Thymol

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22
Q

Excellent sediment preservative, acts as a reducing agent, interfering with chemical tests for glucose, blood, LE, and copper function

A

Formalin

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23
Q

Preserves cellular elements and used for cytology studies

A

Saccomanno Fixative

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24
Q

Doesn’t interfere with urine tests and causes an odor

A

Phenol

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25
Prevents glycolysis and a good preservative for drug analysis CHOICES: Phenol, Thymol, Sodium fluoride, Saccomanno Fixative, Formalin
Sodium fluoride
26
detection of orthostatic proteinuria
First morning
27
routine screening
First morning and Random
28
quantitative chemical tests, hormone studies
24-hour
29
Addis count
12-hour
30
urobilinogen determination
Afternoon specimen (2-4 pm)
31
diabetic screening/monitoring
Fasting/Second morning
32
accompaniment to blood samples in GTT
Glucose Tolerance
33
diagnosis of prostatic infection
Three-glass collection
34
bacterial culture
Catheterization
35
bacterial culture and cytology
Suprapubic aspiration
36
collection requires stringent protocols (COC); the temperature should be within 32.5- 37.7oC; blueing agent added to the toilet water reservoir in unwitnessed collection
Drug testing specimen
37
routine screening, bacterial culture
Midstream clean-catch
38
a process that provides documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection of the receipt of laboratory results
chain of custody
39
The normal color of urine varies from almost colorless, straw or light yellow to dark yellow, yellow-orange, or amber True or False
True
40
The normal smell of urine is rancid True or False
False ( faint aromatic due to volatile acids; becomes ammoniacal as the specimen stands)
41
The normal transparency of urine is clear with no visible particulates True or False
True
42
few particulates and print easily seen through urine
Hazy
43
many particulates and print blurred through urine
Cloudy
44
print cannot be seen through urine
Turbid
45
may precipitate or be clotted
Milky
46
The specific gravity of normal urine should be 1.050-1.3 True or False
False (1.005- 1.030 )
47
The normal pH level of random urine is 4.5-8.0 True or False
True
48
The normal pH level of protein is <30 mg/dL or <150 mg/day True or False
True
49
Intravascular hemolysis; muscle injury; severe infection and inflammation; multiple myeloma CHOICES: Post-renal, Renal (tubular), Pre-renal, Renal (glomerular)
Pre-renal
50
Diabetic nephropathy, amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, autoimmune disorders, toxic agents, hypertension, strenuous exercise, pre-eclampsia, dehydration, orthostatic proteinuria CHOICES: Post-renal, Renal (tubular), Pre-renal, Renal (glomerular)
Renal (glomerular)
51
Fanconi syndrome, toxic agents, severe viral infections CHOICES: Post-renal, Renal (tubular), Pre-renal, Renal (glomerular)
Renal (tubular)
52
lower UTI; injury or trauma; menstrual contamination; prostatic fluid; spermatozoa; vaginal secretions CHOICES: Post-renal, Renal (tubular), Pre-renal, Renal (glomerular)
Post-renal
53
The normal amount of glucose in the urine is <15 mg/dL True or False
True
54
Diabetes Mellitus, endocrine disorders, pancreatic disorders, CNS disorders, disturbance in metabolism, liver disease, drugs, gestational diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia-associated
55
Renal tubular dysfunction, tubular necrosis, Fanconi syndrome, osteomalacia, pregnancy
Renal-associated
56
Reported as average count/HPF and seen in urinary tract infection or inflammation CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
WBC
57
Reported as average count/HPF and seen in cases glomerulonephritis, severe exercise, menstrual blood contamination, renal calculi, malignancy CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
RBC
58
reported qualitatively (rare, few, moderate, many) and the cells sloughed off the lining of nephrons and urinary tract CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
Epithelial cells
59
Formed primarily within distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
Cast
60
Seen with other pathological casts in cases of AGN, CGN, APN, and CHF CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
Hyaline cast
61
seen in glomerulonephritis and damage to the capillary structure of the nephrons CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
Red blood cell cast
62
Seen in pyelonephritis (+WBCs and bacteria) and interstitial nephritis CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
White blood cell cast
63
Advanced tubular destruction, associated with exposure to toxic agents CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
RTE cell cast
64
Indicates stasis of urine flow CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
Granular cast
65
Extreme urine stasis, indicating CRF; the final phase of cast degeneration CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
Waxy cast
66
Extreme urine stasis and destruction of the tubular walls CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
Broad cast
67
Seen in lipiduria in conjunction with oval fat bodies and free fat droplets CHOICES: RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast
Fatty cast
68
polymorphic; Increased in gout, leukemia, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Uric acid
69
sand grain-like; Commonly seen in refrigerated specimens
Amorphous urates
70
envelop shaped Ethylene glycol poisoning, renal Calculi
Calcium oxalate
71
sand shaped like and seen in refrigerated specimens
Amorph phosphates
72
colorless thin prisms, plates, needles and a common constituent of renal calculi
Calcium phosphate
73
used to assess digestive tract infections
fecalysis

PMLS 1 (23 decks)

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