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PMLS 1 > Clinical Microscopy > Flashcards

Clinical Microscopy Flashcards

1
Q

Permits a detailed, in-depth assessment of renal status with an easily obtained specimen

A

Urinalysis

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2
Q

Serves as a quick indicator of an individual’s glucose status and hepatic or biliary function

A

Urinalysis

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3
Q

Urine Composition:

Normal ____ water, ___ solutes

A

95%, 5%

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4
Q

Inorganic solutes found in the urine are urea (protein, amino acid breakdown);
also creatinine and uric acid and the Organic solutes are chloride, sodium, potassium

True or False

A

False (Organic, Inorganic)

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5
Q

Formed elements not part of ultrafiltrate may indicate

disease. True or False

A

True

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6
Q

Determined by body’s state of hydration and influenced by fluid intake, nonrenal fluid loss, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) variations, excretion of
large amounts of dissolved solids

A

Urine Volume

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7
Q

<1 mL/kg/hr in infants, < 0.5 mL/kg/hr in children

< 400 mL/day in adults and causes dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, perspiration

A

Oliguria

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8
Q

Increased excretion of urine at night may indicate pregnancy

A

Nocturia

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9
Q

Increased urine output >2.5L in Adult >2.5-3mL/kg/day in children that may a result of Diabetes insipidus, Diabetes mellitus, diuretics

A

Polyuria

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10
Q

Complete cessation of urine flow and may indicate kidney damage, decrease blood flow to the kidney

A

Anuria

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11
Q

Increased volume caused by the need to excrete the excess glucose not reabsorbed from the ultrafiltrate; patients exhibit polydypsia; urine appears dilute with a high specific gravity

A

Diabetes mellitus

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12
Q

Decreased production or function of ADH causing decreased reabsorption of water from ultrafiltrate; urine is dilute with low specific gravity; patients also exhibit polydipsia

A

Diabetes insipidus

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13
Q

The patient’s name, ID number, date, time Time of collection are part of specimen labeling

True or False

A

True

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14
Q

Disposable, wide-mouth, and flat-bottom containers with screw caps are recommended for collecting the specimen

True or False

A

True

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15
Q

An insufficient quantity of urine is can be still tested

True or False

A

False (rejects)

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16
Q

Refrigerate the specimen if testing is delayed

True or False

A

True

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17
Q

The specimen should be tested within 2 hours of collection

True or False

A

True

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18
Q

When the specimen is not tested within 2 hours

Increased: glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen,
RBCs, WBCs, casts
Decreased: color, turbidity, pH, nitrite, bacteria, odor

True or False

A

False
(Increased:color, turbidity, pH, nitrite, bacteria, odor Decreased: glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen,
RBCs, WBCs, casts)

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19
Q

The ideal specimen preservation is _______ as it inhibits urease and preserves formed elements

A

bactericidal

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20
Q

Specimen preservation may cause precipitation of amorphous crystals

True or false

A

True

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21
Q

It preserves glucose and sediments well and it interferes with acid precipitation tests for protein

A

Thymol

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22
Q

Excellent sediment preservative, acts as a reducing agent, interfering with chemical tests for glucose, blood, LE, and copper function

A

Formalin

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23
Q

Preserves cellular elements and used for cytology studies

A

Saccomanno Fixative

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24
Q

Doesn’t interfere with urine tests and causes an odor

A

Phenol

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25
Q

Prevents glycolysis and a good preservative for drug analysis

CHOICES:
Phenol, Thymol, Sodium fluoride, Saccomanno Fixative, Formalin

A

Sodium fluoride

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26
Q

detection of orthostatic proteinuria

A

First morning

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27
Q

routine screening

A

First morning and Random

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28
Q

quantitative chemical tests, hormone studies

A

24-hour

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29
Q

Addis count

A

12-hour

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30
Q

urobilinogen determination

A

Afternoon specimen (2-4 pm)

31
Q

diabetic screening/monitoring

A

Fasting/Second morning

32
Q

accompaniment to blood samples in GTT

A

Glucose Tolerance

33
Q

diagnosis of prostatic infection

A

Three-glass collection

34
Q

bacterial culture

A

Catheterization

35
Q

bacterial culture and cytology

A

Suprapubic aspiration

36
Q

collection requires stringent protocols (COC); the temperature should be within
32.5- 37.7oC; blueing agent added to the toilet water reservoir in unwitnessed collection

A

Drug testing specimen

37
Q

routine screening, bacterial culture

A

Midstream clean-catch

38
Q

a process that provides documentation of proper sample identification
from the time of collection of the receipt of laboratory results

A

chain of custody

39
Q

The normal color of urine varies from almost colorless, straw or light yellow to dark yellow, yellow-orange, or amber

True or False

A

True

40
Q

The normal smell of urine is rancid

True or False

A

False ( faint aromatic due to volatile acids; becomes ammoniacal as the specimen stands)

41
Q

The normal transparency of urine is clear with no visible particulates

True or False

A

True

42
Q

few particulates and print easily seen through urine

A

Hazy

43
Q

many particulates and print blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

44
Q

print cannot be seen through urine

A

Turbid

45
Q

may precipitate or be clotted

A

Milky

46
Q

The specific gravity of normal urine should be 1.050-1.3

True or False

A

False (1.005- 1.030 )

47
Q

The normal pH level of random urine is 4.5-8.0

True or False

A

True

48
Q

The normal pH level of protein is <30 mg/dL or <150 mg/day

True or False

A

True

49
Q

Intravascular hemolysis; muscle injury; severe infection and inflammation; multiple
myeloma

CHOICES:
Post-renal, Renal (tubular), Pre-renal, Renal (glomerular)

A

Pre-renal

50
Q

Diabetic nephropathy, amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, autoimmune disorders,
toxic agents, hypertension, strenuous exercise, pre-eclampsia, dehydration, orthostatic proteinuria

CHOICES:
Post-renal, Renal (tubular), Pre-renal, Renal (glomerular)

A

Renal (glomerular)

51
Q

Fanconi syndrome, toxic agents, severe viral infections

CHOICES:
Post-renal, Renal (tubular), Pre-renal, Renal (glomerular)

A

Renal (tubular)

52
Q

lower UTI; injury or trauma; menstrual contamination; prostatic fluid; spermatozoa; vaginal secretions

CHOICES:
Post-renal, Renal (tubular), Pre-renal, Renal (glomerular)

A

Post-renal

53
Q

The normal amount of glucose in the urine is <15 mg/dL

True or False

A

True

54
Q

Diabetes Mellitus, endocrine disorders, pancreatic disorders, CNS disorders, disturbance in metabolism, liver disease, drugs, gestational diabetes mellitus

A

Hyperglycemia-associated

55
Q

Renal tubular dysfunction, tubular necrosis, Fanconi syndrome, osteomalacia,
pregnancy

A

Renal-associated

56
Q

Reported as average count/HPF and seen in urinary tract infection or inflammation

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

WBC

57
Q

Reported as average count/HPF and seen in cases glomerulonephritis, severe exercise, menstrual blood contamination, renal calculi,
malignancy

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

RBC

58
Q

reported qualitatively (rare, few, moderate, many) and the cells sloughed off the lining of nephrons and urinary tract

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

Epithelial cells

59
Q

Formed primarily within distal convoluted tubule and
collecting duct

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

Cast

60
Q

Seen with other pathological casts in cases of AGN, CGN, APN, and CHF

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

Hyaline cast

61
Q

seen in glomerulonephritis and damage to the capillary structure of the nephrons

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

Red blood cell cast

62
Q

Seen in pyelonephritis (+WBCs and bacteria) and interstitial nephritis

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

White blood cell cast

63
Q

Advanced tubular destruction, associated with exposure to toxic agents

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

RTE cell cast

64
Q

Indicates stasis of urine flow

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

Granular cast

65
Q

Extreme urine stasis, indicating CRF; the final phase of cast degeneration

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

Waxy cast

66
Q

Extreme urine stasis and destruction of the tubular walls

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

Broad cast

67
Q

Seen in lipiduria in conjunction with oval fat bodies and free fat droplets

CHOICES:
RBC, WBC, Cast, Epithelial cells, Hyaline cast, White blood cell cast, Red blood cell cast, RTE cell cast, Fatty cast, Granular cast, Waxy cast, Broad cast

A

Fatty cast

68
Q

polymorphic; Increased in gout, leukemia, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

A

Uric acid

69
Q

sand grain-like; Commonly seen in refrigerated specimens

A

Amorphous urates

70
Q

envelop shaped Ethylene glycol poisoning, renal Calculi

A

Calcium oxalate

71
Q

sand shaped like and seen in refrigerated specimens

A

Amorph phosphates

72
Q

colorless thin prisms, plates, needles and a common constituent of renal calculi

A

Calcium phosphate

73
Q

used to assess digestive tract infections

A

fecalysis

PMLS 1 (23 decks)

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