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Clinical Pathology > Introduction to Haematology > Flashcards

Introduction to Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

The physiological development process that gives rise to the cellular components of the blood.

A

Haemopoiesis

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2
Q

What are the 4 forms of self-renewal that a haematopoietic stem cell can undergo

A

Symetrical self-renewal
Asymetrical self renewal
Lack of self-renewal (2xP)
Lack of self-renewal

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3
Q

What type of self renewal increases the stem cell pool?

A

Symetrical self renewal

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4
Q

What type of self renewal maintains the stem cell pool and generates differentiated progeny?

A

Asymetrical self-renewal

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5
Q

What type of self-renewal depletes the stem cell pool and only generates differentiated progeny

A

Lack of self renewal

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6
Q

What are the 2 haematopoietic lineages

A

Myeloid

Lymphoid

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7
Q

At day 27, haemopoiesis starts where?

A

Aortagonad mesonephros region

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8
Q

At day 40, haematopoietic stem cells migrate where?

A

Foetal liver

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9
Q

Life span of erythrocytees

A

120 days

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10
Q

low RBCs

A

Anaemia

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11
Q

high RBCs

A

Polycythaemia

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12
Q

When plasma vol. is low and high conc of RBCs

A

Relative polycythaemia

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13
Q

What are the 2 major groups of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes (myeloid)

Lymphocytes (lymphoid)

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14
Q

Most common WBC

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

Lifespan of neutrophils

A

A few hours

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16
Q

Increased numbers of neutrophils, when might this happen?

A

Neutrophilia e.g. infection, inflammation

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17
Q

Decreased numbers of neutrophils, when might this happen?

A

Neutropenia e.g. side effect of a drug

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18
Q

A rare WBC, part of the primative immune system

A

Basophils

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19
Q

Describe the differentiation of monocytes

A

Migrate to tissues and are then identified as macrophages. (histiocytes e.g. kupffer cells in liver, langerhans cells in skin)

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20
Q

Increased numbers of monocytes, when might this happen

A

Monocytosis e.g. TB

21
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

Natural killers
B Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

22
Q

Innate immune system, large granular lymphocytes that recognise ‘non self’

A

Natural killers

23
Q

Lymphocytes associated with humoral immunity

24
Q

Lymphocytes associated with cell-mediated immunity

25
Q

Examples of when you might get lymphocytosis

A

Glandular fever, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

26
Q

Examples of when you might get lymphopenia

A

Post bone marrow transplant

27
Q

Platelets are derived from what cell?

A

Megakaryocytes

28
Q

Normal Hb concentration

A

115-175g/L

29
Q

Normal RBC concentration

A

4-6.5x1012/L

30
Q

Normal WBC concentration

A

4-11x109/L

31
Q

Normal MCV

32
Q

Normal MCH

33
Q

What does the FBC test

A

Concentration of Hb
MCV, MCH
White cell count
Platelet count

34
Q

3 examples of coagulation screens

A

Prothrombin time
Activated partial thromboplastin time
Thrombin time

35
Q

Liquid marrow is aspirated from posterior iliac crest of pelvis. Trephine core biopsy

A

Bone marrow aspirate and trephine

36
Q

The set of values for a given test that incorporates 95% of the population

A

Reference range

37
Q

MCV

A

Microcytic hypochromic anaemia

38
Q

Causes of microcytic hypochromic anaemia

A

Iron deficiency
Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
lead poisoning

39
Q

MCV 80-95
MCH > 27
low serum iron

A

Normocytic normochromic anaemia

40
Q

Causes of normocytic normochromic anaemia

A 
Haemolytic anaemias
Anaemia of chronic disease
After acute blood loss
Renal disease
Mixed deficiencies
Bone marrow failure
41
Q

MCV>95

Can be megaloblastic or non megaloblastic

A

Macrocytic anaemia

42
Q

Abnormally large, immature, and dysfunctional red blood cell, sometimes seen in macrocytic anaemia

A

Megaloblastic

43
Q

Causes of macrocytic megaloblastic anaemia

A

Vit B12 or folate deficiency

44
Q

Causes of non megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

A

Alcohol, liver disease, myelodysplasia, aplastic anaemia etc

45
Q

Haematological findings of iron deficiency

A

Low MCV and MHC. Small pate RBCs, variable size and shape. Lon, thin ‘pencil’ cells

46
Q

Haematological findings of vit B12 deficiency

A

RBCs much bigger. Hypersegmented neutrophils and oval macrocytes

47
Q

Reduced levels of serum iron, MCV and MCH are within the normal ranges

A

Norcocytic, normochromic anaemia

48
Q

Describe the pathology of megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

A

B12/folate deficiency- RBCs can’t synthesise DNA quick enough to divide at the right point in their growth, so cells are abnormally large and MCV and MCH are low

Clinical Pathology (53 decks)

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