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Clinical Pathology > Bacterial and Fungal Meningitis > Flashcards

Bacterial and Fungal Meningitis Flashcards

1
Q

Is meningitis usually cause by viruses or bacteria/

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Is meningitis usually cause by viruses or bacteria/

A

Viruses

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3
Q

Is encephalitis usually caused by viruses or bacteria?

A

Viruses

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4
Q

Insidious onset of fever, headache +/- neck stiffness, altered consciousness, seizures, focal neurological signs.

A

Brain abscess

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5
Q

Are brain abscesses usually caused by viruses or bacteria?

A

Bacteria, may be parasitic

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6
Q

What are the 2 main ways in which microorganisms can invade the brain?

A

Blood bourne invasion-blood brain barrier or blood CSF barrier
Peripheral nerves

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7
Q

Describe the appearance of neisseria meningitidis

A

Gram -ve diplococci

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8
Q

What does neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumonia all have in common with regards to their requirements for growth?

A

All require blood

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9
Q

Give 5 examples of the capsular types of neisseria meningitidis

A

A, B, C, W135, Y

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10
Q

Where is the natural habitat of neisseria meningitidis?

A

Nasopharynx

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11
Q

Is what demographics of people is neisseria meningitidis carried in?

A

Smokers, uni students

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12
Q

Name 2 virulence factors for neisseria meningitidis

A

Capsulated

Acquires iron from transferin

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13
Q

Name 6 ways in which neisseria meningitidis presents

A 
Septicaemia
Septicaemia with purpuric rash
Septicaemia with meningitis
Meningitis with no rash
Chronic meningococcal bacteraemia with arthralgia
Focal sepsis
Conjunctivitis, endopthalmitis
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14
Q

What does purpuric mean?

A

non blanching

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15
Q

Treatment for neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumonia

A

Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, penicillin (NM), ampicillin (HI)

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16
Q

In which type of bacteiral meningitis is chemoprophylaxis of contacts of invasive disease NOT routinely done?

A

Streptococcus pneuomoniae

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17
Q

The current vaccinations against Neisseria meningitidis target which strains?

A

Group A,C and W135. None againsts group B

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18
Q

Where in the world is epidemics of neisseria meningitidis common? Usually group A

A

Arican meningitis belt

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19
Q

Describe the appearance of haemophilus influenzae

A

Gram -ve bacilli

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20
Q

What are the different strains of haemophilus influenzae and which is the most invasive disease?

A

a-f. B

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21
Q

Virulence factors of haemophilus influenzae

A

Type B capsule
Fimbriae
IgA proteases

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22
Q

Vaccines are available for what strain of haemophilus influenzae?

A

Type B

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23
Q

Vaccines are available for what strain of haemophilus influenzae?

A

Type B

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24
Q

Is encephalitis usually caused by viruses or bacteria?

A

Viruses

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25
Q

Insidious onset of fever, headache +/- neck stiffness, altered consciousness, seizures, focal neurological signs.

A

Brain abscess

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26
Q

Are brain abscesses usually caused by viruses or bacteria?

A

Bacteria, may be parasitic

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27
Q

What are the 2 main ways in which microorganisms can invade the brain?

A

Blood bourne invasion-blood brain barrier or blood CSF barrier
Peripheral nerves

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28
Q

Describe the appearance of neisseria meningitidis

A

Gram -ve diplococci

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29
Q

What does neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumonia all have in common with regards to their requirements for growth?

A

All require blood

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30
Q

Give 5 examples of the capsular types of neisseria meningitidis

A

A, B, C, W135, Y

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31
Q

Where is the natural habitat of neisseria meningitidis?

A

Nasopharynx

32
Q

Is what demographics of people is neisseria meningitidis carried in?

A

Smokers, uni students

33
Q

Name 2 virulence factors for neisseria meningitidis

A

Capsulated

Acquires iron from transferin

34
Q

Causes of lymphocytic meningitis

A

Viruses
Spirochete (type of bacteria)
TB
Crytococcus

35
Q

What does purpuric mean?

A

non blanching

36
Q

Treatment for neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumonia

A

Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, penicillin (NM), ampicillin (HI)

37
Q

In which type of bacteiral meningitis is chemoprophylaxis of contacts of invasive disease NOT routinely done?

A

Streptococcus pneuomoniae

38
Q

Diagnosis for brain abscesses

A

Brain imaging

39
Q

Where in the world is epidemics of neisseria meningitidis common? Usually group A

A

Arican meningitis belt

40
Q

Describe the appearance of haemophilus influenzae

A

Gram -ve bacilli

41
Q

What are the different strains of haemophilus influenzae and which is the most invasive disease?

A

a-f. B

42
Q

Which age group is haemophilus influenzae most common in?

A

infants

43
Q

Virulence factors of haemophilus influenzae

A

Type B capsule
Fimbriae
IgA proteases

44
Q

Chemoprophylaxis of contacts is done using what antibiotic?

A

Rifampicin

45
Q

Vaccines are available for what strain of haemophilus influenzae?

A

Type B

46
Q

Another name for streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Pneumococcus

47
Q

Describe the appearance of strep. pneumoniae

A

Gram +ve cocci. Cells arrange in pairs

48
Q

How is strep pneumoniae transmitted?

A

Droplet

49
Q

What diagnostic test confirms pneumococci?

A

Optochin

50
Q

What treatment is given at the same time as antibiotics in adults for treatment of strep. pneumo meningitis?

A

Steroids (dexamethosome) It decreases the concentration of vancomycin in the CSF, so rifampicin must be used as well.

51
Q

3 common causes of neonatal meningitis

A

Group B beta-haemolytic streptococci
E.Coli
Listeria monocytogenes

52
Q

At what age is septicaemia the diagnosis, compared to meningitis

A

less than 2 days old- septicaemia (early)

more than 5 days old- meningitis (late)

53
Q

Treatment for neonatal meningitis

A

Cefotaxime, ampicillin, gentamycin

54
Q

Complications of meningitis

A

Death
Overwhelming sepsis
Increased intracranial pressure

55
Q

Long term problems of meningitis

A

Deafness, delayed development, seizures, stroke, hydrocephalus

56
Q

Another term for lymphocytic meningitis

A

Aseptic

57
Q

Causes of lymphocytic meningitis

A

Viruses
Spirochete (type of bacteria)
TB

58
Q

What is the likely causative organism for insidious onset meningitis in immunocompromised or alcoholics

A

TB

59
Q

Likely causative organism for brain abscess that has spread from adjacent structures e.g. middle ear or sinuses

A

Streptococci anaerobes

60
Q

Likely causative organism for brain abscess that has spread from blood stream

A

Staph A

61
Q

Diagnosis for brain abscesses

A

Brain imaging

62
Q

Meningitis caused by a yeast, insidious onset

A

Crytococcal meningitis

63
Q

How is cryptococcus identified in CSF?

A

Indian Ink Stain

64
Q

What is the treatment for cryptococcal meningitis?

A

Amphotericin, flucytosine or fluconazole

65
Q

Which lobes does encephalitis preferentially affect?

A

Temporal lobes

66
Q

Give 3 organisms that cause toxin mediated CNS infections

A

Japanese encephalitis virus
Rabies encephalitis
Clostridium tetani

67
Q

What type of virus is japanese encephalitis virus?

A

Arbovirus (transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks or arthropods)

68
Q

What percentage of people die from rabies encephalitis?

A

100% if untreated

69
Q

Describe the appearance of clostridium tetani

A

Gram +ve forming bacillus ‘drumstick’ anaerobe

70
Q

How is clostridium tetani commonly transmitted

A

Contaminated soil infecting wounds

71
Q

How does clostridium tetani produce a convulsive contraction of voluntary muscles?

A

toxin spreads in bloodstream and binds to ganglioside receptors and blocks release of inhibitory interneurones

72
Q

The word for jaw spasms

A

trismus

73
Q

Spin arching spasm

A

Opisthotonus

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of tetanus (lock jaw)

A 
tonic muscle spasms
trismus
opisthotonus
respiratory difficulties
cardiovascular instability
75
Q

Treamtnet for tetanus

A

antitoxin

Penicillin or metronidazole

76
Q

Prevention for tetanus

A

Toxoid

Clinical Pathology (53 decks)

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