Antibiotic Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

Staph A typcially resistant to which antibiotics

A

Meticillin

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2
Q

Enterococci typically resistant to which antibiotics

A

Vancomycin/glycopeptide

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3
Q

Enterobacteriacae typically resistant to which antibiotics?

A

Beta lactams (produce beta lactamase)

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4
Q

In sensitivity testing, the area around the antibiotics where bacteria cannot grow

A

Zone of Inhibition

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5
Q

Alternative to solid media sensitivity testing that gives a more accurate measurement of MIC

A

Liquid media- microtitre plate susceptibility testing

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6
Q

Which antibiotic cannot travel through gram -ve bacilli?

A

Vancomycin

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7
Q

Uptake of aminoglycosides requires what?

A

An O2 dependent active transport mechanism

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8
Q

Describe the target alteration in MRSA

A

Altered penicillin binding proteins- bacteria does not bind beta lactams

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9
Q

Describe the target alteration in enterococci

A

Altered protein sequence in gram +ve peptidoglycan

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10
Q

Describe the target alteration in gram -ve bacilli

A

mutations in dihydrofolate reductase gene- resistant to trimethoprim

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11
Q

Horizontal transfer of resistance is enabled by what?

A

Transporons and integrons

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12
Q

Process by which bacteria exchange genetic material in horizontal transfer

A

Conjugation

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13
Q

Give 4 examples of acute viral infections

A

Influenza, measles, mumps, hep A

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14
Q

Give 2 examples of latent chronic viral infections

A

HSV, CMV

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15
Q

Give 3 examples of persistant chronic viral infections

A

HIV, Hep B, Hep C

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16
Q

Which viruses have RNA to DNA polymerases

A

retroviruses (HIV) and help B

17
Q

What was originally developed as an anti-cancer drug and was found to inhibit HIV replication (NRTI)

A

Azidothmidine (AZT)

18
Q

What are the 2 pyrimidine bases?

A

CT

19
Q

Give an example of an NRTI which acts as a thymine analogue

A

Zidovudine

20
Q

Give an example of an NRTI which acts as a cytosine analogue

A

Lamivudine

21
Q

Give an example of 2 NRTIs that act as purine analogues

A

Abacovir and Tenofovir

22
Q

Why do some NRTIs act against HBV?

A

Also contains reverse transcriptase enzyme

23
Q

Which NRTIs are active against HBV?

A

Lamiduvine, tenofovir

24
Q

How do NNRTIs act?

A

Bind to different parts of the protein

25
Q

Name the 4 main types of antiretroviral drugs

A

NRTIs, NNRTIs, Protease Inhibitors and HAART

26
Q

What does HAART aim to do and when does treatment start?

A

Aims to switch off virus replication. Started when CD4 falls and taken life long.

27
Q

What combination of antiretrovirals are taken in HAART?

A

2 NRTIs+1NNRTI

2NRTIs+boosted PI

28
Q

What mutation leads to resistance to lamivudine (pyrimidal NRTI)

A

M184V

29
Q

What mutation at delta 32 allele lends resistance to HIV

A

CCR5

30
Q

What is the current treatment for Hep.C

A

Interferons (naturally occurring antivirals) and ribaflavin