Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
toward the front of the body
anterior (ventral)
toward the back of the body
posterior (dorsal)
toward the midline of the body
medial
Toward the side of the body
lateral
nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point
proximal
farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point
distal
above; toward the head
superior (cranial)
below; toward the lower end of the spine
inferior (caudal)
closer to the surface of the body
superficial (external)
closer to the center of the body
deep (internal)
vertical plane, parallel to the median plane; “parasagittal”
divides the body into right and left sections
sagittal plane
vertical plane, perpendicular to median plane; divides anterior and posterior parts
frontal (coronal) plane
horizontal; right angles to median and sagittal; divides into superior and inferior
transverse plane
vertical plane dividing into right and left halves
median plane
anatomical position
standing upright
head, eyes, palms, toes anteriorly directed
lower limbs close together with feet parallel
two sides; affecting both sides
bilateral
affecting only one side
unilateral
occurring on same side of body
ipsilateral
relating to opposite side of the body that injury has occurred
Contralteral
A bending movement around a joint in a limb that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint
flexion
An unbending movement around a joint in a limb that increases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint
extension
movement away from the body
abduction
movement toward the midline of the body
adduction
circular movement of limb
circumduction
circular movement AROUND the axis
rotation
movement of thumb and little finger toward each other
opposition
not touching
reposition
the act of rotating the arm so that the palm of the hand is forward or upward
supination
turns palm DOWN
pronation
bending of the foot or the toes UPWARD
dorsiflexion
Pertaining to the sole of the foot DOWNWARD
plantar flexion
turning inward
inversion
moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
eversion
Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called
protraction
a statement or promise that is pulled back or taken back
retraction
raising a body part
elevation
open mouth
depression
_______ vary the most while _______ vary the least
veins (vessels)
nerves
biological differences between men and women
sex
socially constructed roles, values, and personality traits that vary across societies over time
gender
examples of “sex”
chromosomes (XX, XY)
internal/external sex organs
hormones
the study of tissues; group of specialized cells arranged to constitute organs
histology
histology focuses on how cells’ structure and arrangement….
optimize functions specific to each organ
tissues have two interacting components
cells
extracellular matrix (ECM)
the ECM consists of _________ which form complex structures such as ________
macromolecules
collagen
during development, cells and their associated matrix become __________ _________ and give rise to _________ types of tissues with characteristic structural features
functionally specialized
fundamental
Organs are formed by an orderly combination of these tissues, and their precise arrangement allows the
functioning of each organ and of the organism as a whole
the upper limb is characterized by its
mobility and ability to grasp, strike, and conduct fine motor skills
the upper limb consists of 4 major segments
shoulder
arm
forearm
hand
