FOREARM/ARM - CLINICAL APPLICATION

Question 1

a normal (positive) response is an involuntary contraction of the biceps, felt as a momentarily tensed tendon

a brief jerk-like flexion of the elbow

Answer 1

bicipital myotatic (stretch) reflex

Question 2

inflammation of the tendon results from micro tears that happen when musculotendinosous unit is acutely loaded and is associated with degeneration of the tendon, vascular disruption, and an inflammatory repair response

***don’t friction the median nerve

Answer 2

biceps tendinitis

Question 3

can be partially or completely dislocated from the intertubercullar sulcus in the humerus

painful, may occur during traumatic separation of the proximal epiphysis of the humerus

sensation of popping or catching is felt during arm rotation

Answer 3

long head of biceps brachii tendon dislocation

Question 4

Temporary occlusion, compression, and resumption of blood blow is the basis for measuring blood pressure

Flexion of fingers and sometimes the wrist results in loss of hand power as a result of irreversible necrosis of forearm flexor muscles

Answer 4

interruption of blood flow in brachial artery

Question 5

Typically inflicted by knife injury

Paralysis of coracobrachialis, biceps and brachials

Weakened flexion and supination. Loss of sensation may occur over the lateral surface of forearm

Answer 5

musculocutaneous nerve injury

Question 6

Repeated forceful flexion and extension of the wrist strain the attachment of the common extensor tendon, producing inflammation of the periosteum

Answer 6

lateral epicondylitis

Question 7

MOI: fall on elbow combined with sudden powerful contraction of triceps brachii

The fx bone is pulled away by active and tonic contraction of triceps and is often considered an avulsion fx

Answer 7

olecranon fracture

Question 8

fracture of the distal end of humerus may injure what nerve?

Answer 8

median nerve

Question 9

fracture of the radial groove of humerus may injure what nerve?

Answer 9

radial nerve

Question 10

fracture of the medial epicondyle of humerus may injure what nerve

Answer 10

ulnar nerve

Question 11

direct injury usually produces fractures at the same level - middle third of bones

Answer 11

fractures of the radius and ulna

Question 12

supracondylar process at anteromedial distal humerus extending (fascia) to the medial epicondyle (may affect median n. and brachial a.)

Answer 12

ligament of struthers

Question 13

medial nerve entrapped in the pronator teres muscle

Answer 13

pronator syndrome

Question 14

musculoaponeurotic canal that creates an entrapment site for the ulnar n.

internal brachial lig which may also cause compression of ulnar n.

Answer 14

archade of struthers

Question 15

Neuropathy of the ulnar nerve causing symptoms of numbness and shooting pain along the medial aspect of the forearm, also including the medial half of the fourth digit and the fifth digit

Ulnar N.

Answer 15

cubital tunnel syndrome

Question 16

Occurs in the olecranon bursa, a thin, fluid-filled sac that is located at the boney tip of the elbow

Answer 16

elbow bursitis

Question 17

Avulsion (forced separation) in children can result from a fall that causes severe ABDuction of extended elbow

Traction on the UCL pulls the epicondyle distally

Answer 17

medial epicondyle avulsion

Question 18

Rupture, tearing, and stretching are increasingly common injuries related to athletes throwing

“Tommy John Surgery” involves an autologous transplant of a long tendon from the contralateral forearm or leg

Answer 18

ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction

Question 19

May occur when children fall on their hands with their elbow flexed

May also result from hyperextension or a blow that drives the ulna posterior or posterolateral

Resulting in numbness of the little finger and weakness of flexion and ADDuction of the wrist

Answer 19

elbow dislocation

Question 20

Child is suddenly lifted (jerked) by the upper limb while the forearm is pronated

The sudden pulling tears the distal attachment of the annular ligament, partially pulling the head out of socket

Answer 20

radial head dislocation

Question 21

results from severe fall on flexed elbow&raquo_space; olecranon acts as wedge between medial and lateral condyles

Answer 21

intercondylar fracture of humerus

Question 22

indirect injury from FOOSH

may result in shortening of the limb

Answer 22

spiral/oblique fracture of humerus

Question 23

the pull of the deltoid muscle carries the proximal fragment laterally

Answer 23

transverse fracture of humeral shaft

Question 24

bending and incomplete break of a bone

Answer 24

greenstick fracture

Question 25

a degeneration within the tendons collagen causing disorganization of the collagen in response to poor vascularization, chronic overuse or aging, there is no inflammation response in this case

Answer 25

Tendinosis

Question 26

a complete transverse fx of the distal 2cm of the radius

most common fx of the forearm

the distal fragment is displaced dorsally and is often comminuted

results from forced extension of the hand (FOOSH)

Answer 26

colles fracture

Answer 27

Long head of the biceps brachii rupture

Answer 28

Veinpuncture in cubital fossa

Question 29

What artery lies on the anterior surface of the distal end of the radius, lateral to the tendon and can be compressed against the distal end of the radius to measure a persons pulse rate

Answer 29

radial artery