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Intro to Viruses Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Unique characteristics of viruses

A

energy-less, composed of a capsid surrounding genetic material

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2
Q

Types of RNA virus genome

A

positive and negative stranded

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3
Q

Positive stranded RNA

A

just like mRNA, can immediately be translated

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4
Q

Negative stranded RNA

A

must be transcribed to a positive strand, carry their own RNA polymerase

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5
Q

DNA viruses

A

Herpes, Hepadna, Adeno, Papova, Parvo, Pox

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6
Q

Types of capsid

A

icosahedral, helical

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7
Q

Parvoviridae DNA

A

single stranded

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8
Q

Poxviridae genome

A

very complex, dsDNA, surrounded by structural proteins

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9
Q

DNA viruses with envelopes

A

Herpes, Hepadna, Pox

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10
Q

Dna viruses without envelopes

A

Papova, Adeno, Parvo

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11
Q

RNA viruses

A

poliovirus, coxackie, hepatitis, rhinovirus, rotavirus, yellow fever, dengue, west nile, influenza, corona

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12
Q

dsRNA virus

A

Reoviridae

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13
Q

nonenveloped RNA virus

A

picorna, calici, reoviridae

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14
Q

Steps of viral replication

A

adsorption and penetration; uncoating; synthesis and assembly of products; release of virions

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15
Q

Orthomyxoviridae

A

flu virus; fever, chills, headaches, malaise, myalgias, dry cough, sore throat, runny nose

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16
Q

Orthomyxoviridae structure

A

spherical virions, RNA strands held together with a protein; glycoproteins and M proteins surround RNA

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17
Q

Hemagglutinin

A

can attach to sialic acid receptors (present on RBCs and upper respiratory epithelium)

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18
Q

Neuramnidase

A

mucosal epithelial cells and upper respiratory tract covered with neuraminic acid which is cleaved/disrupted by neuraminidase

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19
Q

Types of influenza virus

A

A, B, C

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20
Q

Why do we continually get epidemics of influenza?

A

antigenic drift, mutations in HA or NA

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21
Q

Antigenic shift

A

complete change of HA or NA or both

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22
Q

Complications of influenza

A

viral pneumonia, lowers host defense and increases susceptibility to bacterial infections

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23
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

severe liver and brain disease following aspirin administration in children with influenza or varicella

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24
Q

Diagnostic tests for influenza

A

virus isolation, detection of proteins, detection of nucleic acid, serological diagnosis

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25
Q

Clinical presentation of H5N1

A

occurs 2-4 days after exposure; high fever, HA, muscle aches, diarrhea, abd pain, vomiting, sore throat, rhinorrhea, cough; progresses to ARDS

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26
Q

Paramyxoviridae important characteristics

A

-RNA in a single strand, HA and NA ore on the same glycoprotein, Fusion protein

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27
Q

Common diseases associated with paramyxoviridae

A

parainfluenza, respiratory syncitial virus, metapneumovirus, mumps, measles; lungs, kids, viremia

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28
Q

Parainfluenza presentation

A

URI, rhinitis, pharyngitis, sinus congestion; croup

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29
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus presentation

A

no HA or NA proteins, number one cause of pneumonia in children

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30
Q

Metapneumovirus presentation

A

second most common etiology of lower resp infection in children; bronchioloitis, croup, pneumonia

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31
Q

Mumps presentation

A

replicates in upper resp tract and LN then spreads to distant organs via blood; protitis and orchitis

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32
Q

Measles presentation

A

conjunctivitis, swelling of eyelids, photophobia, hacking cough, rhinitis, malaise followed by wide spread rash (Koplik’s spots) which spreads downwards

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33
Q

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

A

slow form of encephalitis caused by measles, mental deterioration and incoordination

34
Q

5 RNA viruses that infect the liver

A

Hepatatis A, C, D, E, G

35
Q

DNA virus that infects the liver

A

Hepatitis B

36
Q

Acute viral hepatitis

A

fatigue, low-grade fever, myalgias, cough, rhinorrhea, pharyngitis, jaundice; GGT, ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase elevate

37
Q

Hepatitis A virus characteristics

A

picornaviridae family, RNA virus, fecal-to-oral transmission

38
Q

Hepatitis B Virus characteristics

A

Dane particles, dsDNA virus; non-oral transmission

39
Q

Hepatitis B immunity

A

anti-HBsAg

40
Q

HBV disease marker

41
Q

HBV pathogenesis

A

acute and chronic hepatitis; cell-mediated attack on HBV results in liver injury, deposition of immune complexes

42
Q

HBV complications

A

primary hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis

43
Q

Hepatitis D virus

A

RNA virus transmitted parenterally, requires HBV to replicate

44
Q

Infection of HDV occurs…

A

co-infection of HBV and HDV, superinfection (HDV infects individual with HBV infection)

45
Q

Hepatitis C virus

A

leading cause of chronic hepatitis in the US, leading indication for liver transplant

46
Q

Hepatitis C transmission

A

parenterally

47
Q

HCV manifestations

A

6 to 12 weeks incubation, most patients will develop chronic hepatitis, some may initially experience symptoms of acute hepatitis

48
Q

Hepatitis E virus

A

enteric transmission; endemic in Asia, India, Africa, Central America

49
Q

Retroviridae key characteristics

A

Retro: reverse transcriptase, integrate into host DNA
Grow: cause cancer, uncontrolled growth
Blow: cytotoxic to certain cells

50
Q

Tropical spastic paraperesis

A

HTLV-1 paralytic disease

51
Q

HIV structure

A

spherical, enveloped virion, capsid proteins (p24), gp 120, gp 41

52
Q

HIV Genome

A

RNA genome with two LTR sequences (gag, pol, env)

53
Q

Most common modes of HIV transmission

A

MSM, heterosexual transmission, IV drug use, blood transfusion, transplacental

54
Q

HIV cell infection

A

CD4 interaction with gp 160 on virus

55
Q

Acute viral illness HIV

A

begins 1 mo after exposure, viremia

56
Q

Clinical latency HIV

A

lymphadenopathy (potentially), destruction of CD4 T cells

57
Q

AIDS development

58
Q

AIDS defining infection

A

Candida esophagitis, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Kaposi’s sarcoma

59
Q

Sxs of CD4 400-200

A

fever, weight loss, night sweats, adenopathy, skin infections, herpes zoster

60
Q

Mechanisms of T-cell death caused by HIV

A

apoptosis, CD8 killing, Fas:FasL

61
Q

Constitutional AIDS illness

A

night sweats, fevers, enlarged lymph nodes, weight loss

62
Q

Neurologic Disease of AIDS

A

encephalopathy (AIDS dementia complex), aseptic meningitis

63
Q

Malignancies common in AIDS

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma, B-cell lymphoma

64
Q

Common bacterial infections in AIDS pts

A

S. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare

65
Q

Common fungal infections in AIDS pts

A

C. albicans, C. neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP)

66
Q

Common viral infections in AIDS pts

A

Herpes zoster, EBV, Herpes simplex, CMV

67
Q

Common protozoal infections in AIDS pts

A

Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium, Microsporidia, Isospora belli

68
Q

Diagnosing AIDS/HIV

A

ELISA test, Western blot, PCR, rapid testing

69
Q

Development of blisters due to herpes

A

HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster cause cell destruction resulting in separation of epithelium and blisters

70
Q

Clinical manifestations of HSV-1 and -2

A

gingivostomatitis, genital herpes, herpetic keratitis, neonatal herpes, herpetic whitlow, disseminated herpes, encephalitis

71
Q

Varicella-Zoster Virus

A

causes chicken pox and shingles; infects respiratory tract, highly contagious

72
Q

Varicella

A

fever, malaise, HA, rash; lesions are common on trunks and are typically superficial

73
Q

Zoster

A

latent VZV in ganglion begins to replicate

74
Q

CMV

A

cells become swollen; can be asymptomatic, congenital, mono

75
Q

Congenital CMV

A

TORCH organism that can cross placenta and cause mental retardation; microcephaly, seizures, deafness

76
Q

Common CMV associated infection after marrow transplant

A

CMV pneumonoitis

77
Q

Common CMV associated infection in AIDS pts

A

CMV retinitis

78
Q

CMV diagnosis

A

culture buffy coat, PCR, antigen test

79
Q

EBV associated diseases

A

mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma, NP cancers

80
Q

What complement receptor does EBV bind to?

81
Q

Mononucleosis presentation

A

young adults with fever, chills, sweats, HA, pharyngitis, enlarged lymphnodes, enlarged spleen, atypical lymphocytes

MOD (34 decks)

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