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MOD > Chapter 7 Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Key factors that contribute to likelihood of metastasis

A

lack of differentiation, aggressive local invasion, rapid growth, large size

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2
Q

expansion of benign tumor vs. localized invasion of malignant tumors

A

benign tumor will grow in size without initiating growth in other tissues; malignant tumors can penetrate blood vessels, lymphatics, body cavities and have the potential to metastasize in other tissues

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3
Q

Major pathways of dissemination via which a malignancy can metastasize

A

direct seeding (lack of barrier), lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread

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4
Q

Lymphatic spread

A

most common pathway for initial dissemination of carcinomas, spreads via lymphatic vessels to nodes

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5
Q

Sentinel node

A

first node in regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor, must be biopsied to check for metastatic growth

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6
Q

Hematogenous spread of CA

A

typical of sarcomas, often venous spread to capillary beds, especially liver and lungs

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7
Q

CAs most commonly spread via hematogenous spread

A

carcinomas of thyroid and prostate, hepatocellular carcinomas and renal cell carcinomas

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8
Q

definition of incidence

A

number of new cases that develop over a period of time

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9
Q

definition of prevalence

A

number of cases present in a specific population at a given time

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10
Q

definition of mortality

A

measure of death frequency

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11
Q

Incidence of CA cases in 2008

A

12.7 million, 7.6 million deaths

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12
Q

Incidence and mortality of CA by 2030

A

21.4 million cases, 13.2 million deaths

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13
Q

Cancer incidence for men

A

Prostate (28%), lung (14%), colon and rectum (8%)

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14
Q

Cancer mortality for men

A

Lung (28%), prostate (10%), colon and rectum (8%)

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15
Q

Cancer incidence for women

A

Breast (29%), lung (13%), colon and rectum (8%)

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16
Q

Cancer mortality for women

A

Lung (26%), breast(15%), colon and rectum (9%)

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17
Q

Distribution of prostate and breast CA

A

most prevalent in developed nations (North America, south America, Australia, Europe)

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18
Q

Reasons for differing CA incidences

A

infectious agents, smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, obesity, reproductive history and age, environmental carcinogens

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19
Q

Influence of age in CA development

A

more common in later years of life due to accumulation of somatic mutations associated with emergence of neoplasms and decline in immune competence

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20
Q

CA associated with arsenic

A

lung and skin carcinoma

21
Q

CA associated with asbestos

A

lung, esophageal, gastric, and colon carcinoma; mesothelioma

22
Q

CA associated with benzene

A

acute myeloid leukemia

23
Q

CA associated with beryllium

A

lung carcinoma

24
Q

CA associated with cadmium

A

prostate carcinoma

25
Q

CA associated with chromium

A

lung carcinoma

26
Q

CA associated with nickel compounds

A

Lung and esophageal carcinomas

27
Q

CA associated with radon

A

lung carcinoma

28
Q

CA associated with vinyl chloride

A

hepatic angiosarcoma

29
Q

CA associated with IBS

A

colorectal carcinoma

30
Q

CA associated with Lichen sclerosis

A

vulvar squamous cell carcinoma

31
Q

CA associated with pancreatitis

A

pancreatic carcinoma

32
Q

CA associated with chronic cholecystitis

A

gallbladder CA

33
Q

CA associated with reflux esophagitis

A

esophageal carcinoma

34
Q

CA associated with Sjogren syndrome, Hashimoto’s

A

MALT lymphoma

35
Q

CA associated with cholangitis

A

cholangiocarcinoma

36
Q

CA associated with gastritis

A

MALT lymphoma, gastric adenocarcinoma

37
Q

CA associated with hepatitis

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

38
Q

CA associated with osteomyelitis

A

carcinoma in draining sinuses

39
Q

CA associated with chronic cervicitis

A

cervical carcinoma

40
Q

CA associated with chronic cystitis

A

bladder carcinoma

41
Q

Examples of CA causing agents

A

alcohol, bile acids, gastric acid, liver flukes, hep B and C, HPV, bacterial infection

42
Q

Precursor lesions

A

localized morphologic changes associated with high risk CA

43
Q

Examples of precursor lesions in chronic inflammation

A

Barretts esophagus, squamous metaplasia, colonic metaplasia

44
Q

Precursor lesion in noninflammatory hyperplasias

A

endometrial hyperplasia

45
Q

CA associated with leukoplakia

A

thickening of squamous epithelium in oral cavity, vulva, penis gives rise to squamous carcinoma

46
Q

What percentage of CAs are associated with sporadic mutations?

47
Q

Increased likeliness of breast cancer with BRCA mutation

48
Q

Potential environmental factors that may be linked to breast CA development

A

increased reproductive/maternal age

MOD (34 decks)

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