Chapter 7 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

generic term for all malignant neoplasms

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2
Q

Neoplasia

A

new growth resulting from genetic alterations passed down to progeny of tumor cells

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3
Q

Growth pattern of neoplasm

A

excessive, unregulated proliferation that becomes autonomous

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4
Q

Tumor

A

initially used to describe inflammation, often used as a synonym for neoplasia

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5
Q

Oncology

A

study of tumors

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6
Q

Clonal

A

entire population of neoplasm arises from single cell that has incurred genetic change

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7
Q

Benign

A

tumors considered to be grossly and microscopically innocent; localized, amenable to local surgical removal

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8
Q

Malignant

A

invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites to cause death

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9
Q

-oma tissue derivation

A

benign tumor arising from specific tissue (indicated by first portion of the word)

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10
Q

carcinoma tissue derivation

A

epithelial origin from any 3 germ layers

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11
Q

sarcoma tissue derivation

A

mesenchymal derivation

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12
Q

tumor characteristics of benign neoplasms

A

well differentiated, usually progressive and slowly growing, well-demarcated mass, non-metastatic

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13
Q

tumor characteristics of malignant neoplasms

A

lack of differentiation, atypical structure, erratic and varied growth, locally invasive, infiltrating surrounding tissue, frequently metastasizes

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14
Q

Polyp

A

macroscopically visible projection into a lumen

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15
Q

adenoma

A

benign epithelial neoplasm derived from glandular tissue

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16
Q

Malignant neoplasms with benign terminology

A

mesothelioma, seminoma, etc.

17
Q

contents of a mixed salivary tumor

A

epithelial components with myxoid stroma (pleomorphic adenoma)

18
Q

Tissue components of benign and malignant neoplasms

A

neoplastic parenchyma and reactive stroma

19
Q

cystic teratoma of ovary

A

originates from totipotential germ cells, cystic tumor lined by skin with hair, sebaceous glands, tooth structures

20
Q

Tumor differentiation

A

extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble corresponding normal cells

21
Q

Major determinants of differentiation

A

neoplastic nuclei and cytoplasm, architectural relationship to other cells

22
Q

“well differentiated” measure

A

closely resembles parent tissue

23
Q

“moderately differentiated” measure

A

features of original tissue are identifiable but not the dominant pattern

24
Q

“poorly differentiated” measure

A

small minority of cellular constituents allow identification of parent tissue

25
Q

“undifferentiated” measure

A

tissue of origin cannot be discerned by histopathologic appearance

26
Q

Why are benign tumors generally considered well differentiated?

A

neoplastic cells so closely resemble parent tissue it may be impossible to recognize the neoplastic nature of the lesion, mitoses are rare and are of normal configuration

27
Q

Anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation, considered a hallmark of malignancy

28
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement of one type of cell with another type

29
Q

Dysplasia

A

disordered growth, pleomorphic, architecturally deranged

30
Q

Dysplasia in squamous epithelia

A

normal progressive maturation of cells fails, full thickness replacement of epithelium by basal appearing hyperchromatic nuclei

31
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

marked dysplastic, full thickness epithelium changes that do not breach the basement membrane

32
Q

common histopathologic features used to assess rate of growth

A

mitotic figures, loss of polarity, pleomorphism, abnormal nuclear morphology

33
Q

One unequivocal criterion of malignancy

A

metastasis, spread of tumor to physically discontinuous with primary tumor

34
Q

Clinical differences between solid and hematopoietic tumors

A

lymphomas and leukemias are often disseminated at time of diagnosis and, therefore, are less likely to be cleared