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MOD > Chapter 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four aspects of disease that form the core of pathology?

A

Etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and clinical manifestations

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2
Q

Definition of disease

A

Deviation from the normal structure or function of a part of an organ or system as manifested by symptoms and signs

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3
Q

Definition of disorder

A

Abnormality of function, morbid physical or mental state

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4
Q

Definition of neoplasm

A

New and abnormal growth, uncontrolled and progressive

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5
Q

Definition of Syndrome

A

A set of symptoms that occur together

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6
Q

Definition of cellular adaptations

A

Reversible functional and structural responses to changes in physiologic and sometime pathologic stimuli, results in a new but altered steady state

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7
Q

Definition of cell injury

A

Sequence of events following a cells exposure to injurious agent, deprivation of nutrients, or excessive mutation beyond which the cell can adapt to

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8
Q

What is a cell’s response to an injurious stimulant that causes increased demand and stimulation?

A

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia

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9
Q

What is a cell’s response to decreased nutrients and stimulation?

A

Atrophy

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10
Q

What is a cell’s response to chronic irritation?

A

Metaplasia

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11
Q

Definition of hypertrophy

A

increase in size of a cell resulting in the overall increase of the organ

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12
Q

What is the most common stimulus for hypertrophy?

A

increased workload

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13
Q

Hypertrophy is the result of what cellular process?

A

Increased protein production

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14
Q

What are the three stimulants that trigger cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Mechanical sensors, growth factors, vasoactive agents

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15
Q

What are the signal transduction pathways involved in muscular hypertrophy

A

PI3K/AKT pathway and GPCR downstream

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16
Q

What transcription factors are activated by the signal transduction pathways involved in muscular hypertrophy?

A

GATA4, NFAT, MEF2; work together to increase proteins responsible for hypertrophy

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17
Q

What protein switches are associated with contractile proteins in hypertrophy?

A

alpha isoform being replaced by the beta isoform (neonate form)

18
Q

What is one change in gene expression seen in cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Gene for ANF is expressed in atrium and ventricle in embryo heart and will be downregulated after birth. However, it may be increased as a result of cardiac hypertrophy in order to reduce load

19
Q

Definition of hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells in response to a stimulus

20
Q

What causes physiologic hyperplasia?

A

hormones or growth factors released in excess due to an increase in functional capacity of hormone sensitive organs or if there is a need for a compensatory change

21
Q

What is an example of hormonal hyperplasia?

A

Growth of breast tissue in response to pregnancy?

22
Q

What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?

A

Liver regeneration after a partial hepatectomy

23
Q

What causes pathologic hyperplasia?

A

excess or inappropriate actions of hormones or growth factors

24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

A disruption of estrogen and progesterone balance can result in an increase of Estrogen. This increase causes hyperplasia of the endometrial glands leading to abnormal menstrual bleeding.

25
Q

What is one characteristic response to certain viral infections in cells?

A

Viruses interfere with host proteins that regulate cell proliferation and cause HYPERTROPHY

26
Q

What are the two main mechanisms involved in hyperplasia?

A

growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells, increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells

27
Q

Definition of atrophy

A

reduction in size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number

28
Q

Describe atrophy as it correlates to decreased workload

A

when a fractured bone is placed in a cast, skeletal muscle atrophy quickly begins, initially cell shrinking then apoptosis

29
Q

Describe atrophy as it correlates to loss of innervation

A

Damage to nerves that contribute to metabolism and function of skeletal muscle results in atrophy

30
Q

Describe atrophy as it correlates to diminished blood supply

A

a gradual in decrease in blood flow as a result of an arterial occlusion will cause tissues to atrophy

31
Q

Describe atrophy as it corelates to inadequate nutrition

A

After glucose and adipose stores have been depleted, the body utilizes proteins of skeletal muscle causing the breakdown and damage of these cells

32
Q

Describe atrophy as it correlates to loss of endocrine stimulation

A

Loss of a hormone (such as estrogen) can result in loss of stimulation and growth (breast tissue)

33
Q

Describe atrophy as it correlates to pressure

A

Ischemic changes caused by a compromise of blood supply by pressure causing agent may lead to tissue destruction

34
Q

What is the main mechanism of atrophy?

A

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, may also be accompanied by autophagy

35
Q

Definition of metaplasia

A

a reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another (cell replaced by another cell that can better withstand and adapt to the ongoing stress)

36
Q

What is the most common type of epithelial metaplasia and what are some causes?

A

columnar to squamous, especially in respiratory tissue due to chronic irritation; also caused by stones in excretory ducts, vitamin A deficiency

37
Q

What type of metaplasia is seen in Barrett esophagus?

A

squamous to columnar

38
Q

What is the main mechanism of metaplasia?

A

Reprogramming of stem cells that exist in tissues, a dysregulation of proteins involved in cell differentiation and growth is commonly seen in metaplasia

39
Q

What are some hallmarks of reversible cell injury?

A

Reduced oxidative phosphorylation and subsequent ATP reduction and cell swelling due to changes in ion concentrations and water influx

40
Q

What are the seven common causes of cell injury?

A

Oxygen deprivation, physical agents, chemical agents, infectious agents, immunologic reactions, genetic derangements and nutritional imbalances

41
Q

What are some morphologic features seen in reversible cell injury?

A

cellular swelling and fatty change

42
Q

What are the ultrastructural changes seen in reversible cell injury?

A

Plasma membrane alterations, mitochondrial changes, dilation of ER, nuclear alterations

MOD (34 decks)

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