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Anatomy Bootcamp > Intro to Development > Flashcards

Intro to Development Flashcards

1
Q

what describes the number of chromosomes and amount of DNA in a gamete?

A

23 chromosomes, 1N

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2
Q

what describes the number of chromosomes and amount of DNA in a somatic cell?

A

46, 2N

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3
Q

embryology

A

anatomy of human from conception to birth

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4
Q

conception

A

oocyte fertilized by sperm&raquo_space; creases zygote

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5
Q

gamete

A

sex cells (egg and sperm)

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6
Q

which mature organs give rise to gametes?

A

ovaries and testies

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7
Q

what are gametes descendants of

A

primordial germ cells

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8
Q

where are gametes first observed?

A

umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)

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9
Q

what week do gametes migrate from yolk sac to gonad region?

A

week 4

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10
Q

what kind of membrane is an umbilical vesicle?

A

extraembryonic membrane

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11
Q

what happens to the chromosome number in meiosis?

A

reduced from 46&raquo_space; 23

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12
Q

where are blood cells first found?

A

umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)

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13
Q

what process allows random exchange of maternal and paternal chromosomes between gametes?

A

meiosis

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14
Q

what is the result of meiosis II?

A
  • 4 sperms (spermatogenesis)

- 1 mature ovum (oogenesis)

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15
Q

what are nonfunctional cells that eventually degenerate?

A

polar bodies produced from oocytes

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16
Q

what is the number of chromosomes in the cells?

A

ploidy

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17
Q

what is the amount of DNA?

A

N

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18
Q

when do chromosomes exist as single-chromatid chromosomes?

A

before DNA replication in S-phase of interphase

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19
Q

when do chromosomes exist as double-chromatid chromosomes?

A

after DNA replication

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20
Q

what separates the chromosome arms?

A

centromere

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21
Q

what are the shorter arms called?

A

P arm

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22
Q

what are the longer arms called?

A

q arms

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23
Q

what does the centromere attach to during cell division?

A

spindle fibers

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24
Q

how many chromosomes and DNA do somatic and primordial germ cells contain?

A

46 chromosomes

2N

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25
Q

during what process do single chromosomes undergo DNA replication to form duplicated chromosomes?

A

meiosis 1

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26
Q

what are inactivated X chromosomes called?

A

barr bodies

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27
Q

in which phase does the synapsis/pairing of 46 homologous duplicated chromosomes occur?

A

prophase meiosis 1

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28
Q

when does crossing over occur?

A

prophase meiosis 1

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29
Q

when does alignment of 46 duplicated chromosomes occur?

A

metaphase meiosis 1

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30
Q

when does disjunction occur?

A

anaphase meiosis 1

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31
Q

what is the result of meiosis 1?

A

23 duplicated chromosomes

2N

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32
Q

which process does not have a normal interphase?

A

meiosis II

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33
Q

which process does not have synapsis or crossing over?

A

meiosis II

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34
Q

where does alignment of 23 duplicated chromosomes occur?

A

metaphase plate during meiosis II

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35
Q

what occurs during meiosis II disjunction?

A
  • centromeres split

- separation of 23 duplicated chromosomes into 23 single chromosomes

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36
Q

what is the result of meiosis II?

A

23 single chromosomes, 1N

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37
Q

which gametogenesis event is most likely in a chromosomal abnormality involving trisomy of chromosome 21?

A

disjunction

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38
Q

what is the name of gamete maturation?

A

spermatogenesis and oogenesis

39
Q

47 chromosomes

A

trisomy

40
Q

45 chromosomes

A

monosomy

41
Q

what is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A

the timing of events during meiosis

42
Q

when does oogenesis begin?

A

before birth

43
Q

when does oogenesis end?

A

after puberty

44
Q

where do some primordial germ cells get stranded during migration?

A

extragonadal sites

45
Q

what can stray primordial germ cells give rise to?

A

tetratoma

46
Q

what do the primordial germ cells differentiate into?

A

oogonia

47
Q

what do oogonia give rise to by DNA replication?

A

oocytes

48
Q

when are all primary oocytes formed by?

A

5th month

49
Q

when are no oogonia present?

A

at birth

female has entire supply of primary oocytes at birth

50
Q

what phase do primary oocytes remain dormant in from 5th month to puberty?

A

prophase 1 of meiosis

51
Q

what happens to the primary oocyte with each cycle?

A

meiosis I&raquo_space; forms 2 daughter cells (secondary oocyte and first polar body)

52
Q

what does the secondary oocyte enter?

A

meiosis II

53
Q

what does the first polar body do?

A

released and degenerates before ovulation

54
Q

which hormones control the ovarian cycle?

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone

- leteinizing horome

55
Q

which hormone negatively feeds back and shuts down the GnRH for LH?

A

progesterone

56
Q

when ovulation occurs, secondary oocyte chromosomes align at what?

A

metaphase plate

57
Q

where do secondary oocyte remain arrested>

A

in uterine tube in metaphase meiosis II

58
Q

when will oogenesis be completed?

A

fertilization

59
Q

what is resulted from the secondary oocyte completing meiosis II?

A
  • mature oocyte

- second polar body

60
Q

where does fertilization occur?

A

uterine tube

61
Q

3 phases of spermatogenesis

A
  • spermatocytogenesis
  • meiosis
  • spermiogenesis
62
Q

what is the production of primary spermatocytes from spermatogonia?

A

spermatocytogenesis

63
Q

2 types of spermatogonia

A

A = undifferentiated stem cells, make more A or B

B = can make more B or go to meiosis to make primary spermatocytes

64
Q

result of meiosis 1 primary spermatocytes

A

divide into secondary spermatocytes

65
Q

when do primary spermatocytes divide into secondary spermatocytes?

A

during the S-phase before meiosis I

66
Q

during S-phase before meiosis 1 what is the spermatocyte’s chromosome number?

A
  • DNA doubles to 4N

- 46 chromosome stays same (diploid)

67
Q

what do the secondary spermatocytes contain after meiosis I?

A

2N and 23 haploid chromosomes

68
Q

what do secondary spermatocytes divide into during meiosis II?

A

4 spermatids

69
Q

what is the chromosome number and DNA number for spermatids?

A
  • 23 haploid chromosome

- 1N

70
Q

what is the process when spermatids become elongated spermatozoa?

A

spermiogenesis

71
Q

what is a large membrane-bound vesicle that covers the anterior 2/3 of the sperm nucleus?

A

acrosome formation

72
Q

what is in the acrosome formation?

A

enzymes to penetrate the:

  • corona radiata
  • zona pellucida
73
Q

union of sex cells or gametes is called what?

A

conception (results from fertilization)

74
Q

what is the female gamete and where is it produced?

A
  • egg (ovum)

- produced in ovary

75
Q

what is the male gamete and where is it produced?

A
  • sperm (spermatozoon)

- produced in seminiferous tubules

76
Q

what is the process of making gametes called?

A

gametogenesis

77
Q

what is the product of fertilization called?

A

zygote

78
Q

where does fertilization occur?

A

Fallopian tube, oviduct, uterine tube

79
Q

when does a child become capable of reproduction?

A

puberty (girls before boys)

80
Q

what type of cell division do gametes ONLY undergo?

A

meiosis

81
Q

what is the chromosome number of gametes?

A

haploid

82
Q

what does a single chromosome consist of?

A
  • 1 sister chromatid
  • 2N
  • 2 arms separated by centromere
83
Q

what does a duplicated chromosome consist of?

A
  • 2 sister chromatids
  • 4N
  • chromatids connected by centromere
84
Q

what is the ploidy number for somatic cells?

A

haploid, 1N

85
Q

how many autosomal and sex chromosomes do somatic cells have?

A

autosomal = 22 pairs

sex = 1 pair

86
Q

how many autosomal and sex chromosomes do gametes have?

A

autosomal = 22 chromosomes

sex = 1 chromosome

87
Q

how do female somatic cells ensure the same number of X genes to instruct the body

A

x-chromosome inactivation

88
Q

when does X chromosome inactivation occur?

A

week 1

89
Q

which maternal or paternal derived X chromosome is inactivated?

A

random

90
Q

what is the separation of 46 duplicated chromosomes at anaphase without the centromeres splitting called?

A

disjunction

91
Q

what is the cell division that makes 2 gametes, each with 23 duplicated chromosomes and 2N?

A

reduction division

92
Q

which spermatogonia can enter meiosis?

A

B

93
Q

what is the most likely cause of a sacrococcygeal teratoma?

A

some primordial germ cells came to a rest at an extragonadal site

Anatomy Bootcamp (17 decks)

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