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Anatomy Bootcamp > Anatomical Terminology and Overview of Systems > Flashcards

Anatomical Terminology and Overview of Systems Flashcards

1
Q

median plane

A
  • vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body

- divides body into right and left halves

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2
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane

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3
Q

frontal (coronal plane)

A
  • vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to the median plane
  • divides the body into anterior and posterior
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4
Q

transverse (axial) plane

A
  • passes through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes
  • divides the body into superior & inferior
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5
Q

joint

A

where 2 or more bones or cartilages articulate with one another

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6
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, its appendages, and the subcutaneous tissue just beneath it

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7
Q

superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue)

A

fatty layer located just beneath the skin

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8
Q

major functions of the skin

A

protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis and storage

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9
Q

fascia

A

insulating materials of the deep structures of the body

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10
Q

deep fascia

A
  • dense, organized connective tissue layer
  • no fat
  • deep to the superficial fascia
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11
Q

investing fascia

A

extensions from the internal surface of the deep fascia that invest deeper structures

(ex - individual muscles, neurovascular bundles)

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12
Q

bursae

A
  • closed sacs/envelopes of serous membrane

- secrete fluid to lubricate smooth internal muscle

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13
Q

serous membrane

A
  • delicate connective tissue collapsed
  • secretes a thin layer of lubricating fluid
  • enables one structure to move more freely over another in locations subject to friction (lungs)
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14
Q

what is the skeleton composed of?

A

cartilages and bones

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15
Q

bone markings

A

appear wherever tendons, ligaments, and fascias are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bodies

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16
Q

capitulum

A

small, round, articular head

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17
Q

condyle

A

rounded, knuckle-like articular area

usually occurs in pairs

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18
Q

crest

A

ridge of bone

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19
Q

epicondyle

A

eminence superior to a condyle

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20
Q

facet

A
  • smooth flat area
  • usually covered with cartilage
  • where a bone articulates with another bone
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21
Q

foramen

A

passage through a bone

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22
Q

fossa

A

hollow or depressed area

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23
Q

groove

A

elongated depression or furrow

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24
Q

head

A

large, round articular end

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25
Q

malleolus

A

rounded process

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26
Q

notch

A

indentation at the edge of a bone

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27
Q

protuberance

A

projection of bone

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28
Q

spine

A

thorn-like process

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29
Q

spinous process

A

projecting spine-like part

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30
Q

trochanter

A

large blunt elevation

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31
Q

trochlea

A

spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley

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32
Q

tubercle

A

small raised eminence

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33
Q

tuberosity

A

large rounded elevation

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34
Q

3 classes of joints

A
  • synovial
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
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35
Q

synovial joint

A

articulating bones are united by a joint (articular) capsule spanning and enclosing a joint cavity

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36
Q

what is a joint capsule composed of?

A

an outer fibrous layer (membrane) lined by a serous synovial membrane

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37
Q

fibrous joint

A

articulating bones are united by fibrous tissue

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38
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

articulating structures are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

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39
Q

what comprises the circulatory system?

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic system

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40
Q

2 types of circulation

A

pulmonary and systemic circulation

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41
Q

anastomoses

A

communications between the multiple branches of an artery or arteries

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42
Q

what do anastomoses do?

A

provide numerous potential detours for blood flow in case the usual pathway is obstructed

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43
Q

what are accompanying veins also known as?

A

venae comitantes

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44
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

lymph from right side of head, neck, thorax, and upper limb

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45
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct enter?

A

right venous angle

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46
Q

what makes up a venous angle?

A

internal jugular vein and subclavian vein

47
Q

what does the thoracic duct drain?

A

lymph from the remainder of the body

48
Q

what are the structural divisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS)

49
Q

CNS

A

brain & spinal cord

50
Q

PNS

A
  • everything else (nerves coming off brain and spinal cord)

- nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS that conduct impulses toward or away from the CNS

51
Q

what are the functional divisions of the nervous system?

A

somatic nervous system (SNS) & autonomic nervous system (ANS)

52
Q

somatic nervous system

A

supplies body

53
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

supplies viscera, glands, smooth muscle

54
Q

structural and functional units of the nervous system specialized for rapid communication

A

neurons

55
Q

what is a neuron’s composition?

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

56
Q

dendrites carry impulses ___

A

to the cell body

57
Q

axons carry impulses ____

A

away from the cell body

58
Q

myelin

A

layers of lipid and protein substances

59
Q

what does the myelin sheath do?

A

greatly increase the velocity of impulse conduction

60
Q

collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

A

nucleus

61
Q

bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connection neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS

A

tract

62
Q

gray matter

A

nerve cell bodies

63
Q

white matter

A

interconnection fiber tract systems (axons)

64
Q

pia mater

A

delicate, transparent, innermost

65
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • between dura and pia

- where CSF is located

66
Q

dura mater

A

thick tough outerlayer

67
Q

epidural space

A
  • fat filled

- separates dura mater of the spinal cord and the surrounding bone of the vertebral column

68
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

69
Q

2 types of ganglia

A

motor (autonomic) and sensory ganglia

70
Q

3 types of motor (autonomic) ganglia

A
  • paravertebral (sympathetic)
  • prevertebral (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  • cranial (parasympathetic)
71
Q

where do the motor fibers of the anterior root go?

A

pass from nerve cell bodies in the anterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter&raquo_space;> to effector organs located peripherally

72
Q

what does the posterior root consist of?

A

sensory (afferent) fibers

73
Q

where do the sensory fibers of the posterior root go?

A

from cell bodies in the spinal sensory ganglion or dorsal root ganglion&raquo_space;>

  • extend peripherally to sensory endings
  • pass centrally to posterior horn of spinal gray matter
74
Q

what is the order of a spinal nerve

A

anterior and posterior rootlets&raquo_space; anterior (motor) and posterior (senstory) roots&raquo_space; spinal sensory or dorsal root ganglion&raquo_space; spinal nerve (mixed)&raquo_space; anterior and posterior rami

75
Q

dermatome

A

fibers of a single spinal nerve that innervate skin

76
Q

myotome

A

fibers of a single spinal nerve that innervate muscle

77
Q

what spinal nerves have little to no representation on the trunk?

A

C5-T1 (upper limbs) and L3-S1 (lower limbs)

78
Q

nerve plexuses (mulitsegmental peripheral nerves)

A

anterior rami merged with all or portions of one or more adjacent anterior rami

79
Q

2 types of somatic fibers

A
  • general sensory fibers

- somatic motor fibers

80
Q

2 types of visceral fibers

A
  • visceral sensory fibers

- visceral motor fibers

81
Q

what type of neuron do both types of sensory fibers (general sensory and visceral sensory) process?

A

pseudounipolar neurons

82
Q

pseudounipolar neurons

A

cell bodies located outside the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia&raquo_space;> gray matter

83
Q

what type of neuron do both types of motor fibers (somatic motor and visceral motor) process?

A

multipolar neurons

84
Q

somatic motor neurons

A

cell bodies located in gray matter of spinal cord&raquo_space;> anterior root of the spinal nerve&raquo_space;> the effector organ

85
Q

presynaptic visceral motor neurons

A

cell bodies located in gray matter of spinal cord&raquo_space;> anterior root of the spinal nerve&raquo_space;> synapse in autonomic ganglion&raquo_space;> now a postsynaptic visceral motor neuron

86
Q

postsynaptic visceral motor neurons

A

cell bodies located outside the CNS in autonomic ganglia&raquo_space;> glands, smooth muscle, viscera

87
Q

what is the somatic nervous system composed of?

A

parts of the CNS and PNS

88
Q

somatic sensory system

A

transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors

(reach conscious level)

89
Q

somatic motor system

A

innervates only skeletal muscle

90
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system composed of?

A

motor fibers that stimulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

91
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary

92
Q

cardiac muscle

A

impulse conduction

93
Q

glandular

A

secretory

94
Q

2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system motor fibers and ganglia

A
  • sympathetic (thoracolumbar)

- parasympathetic (cranioscaral)

95
Q

presynaptic sympathetic division of ANS cell bodies

A

in T1-L2

96
Q

parasympathetic division of ANS

A

cell bodies in cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10

97
Q

postsynaptic sympathetic division of ANS cell bodies

A
  • paravertebral ganglia

- prevertebral ganglia

98
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

forms sympathetic trunks on each side of the vertebral column

99
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

in plexuses surrounding main branches of abdominal aorta

100
Q

which system consists of the epidermis, dermis, and specialized structures?

A

integumentary system

101
Q

what is located beneath the dermis and contains most of the body’s fat stores?

A

superficial fascia

102
Q

what is an organized connective tissue layer that completely envelops the body beneath the subcutaneous tissue of the skin?

A

deep fascia

103
Q

what is a union between 2 or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton?

A

joint

104
Q

what are the 3 general types of joints?

A

synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous

105
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

106
Q

which type of muscle is further classified according to their shape and multi-headed or multi-bellied?

A

skeletal muscle

107
Q

what makes up the cardiovascular system?

A

circulatory & lymphatic system

108
Q

what drains surplus fluid from the extracellular spaces to the bloodstream and also functions as the body’s defense system?

A

lymph

109
Q

what are the non-neuronal, supporting cells of the nervous system?

A

glial cells (neuroglia)

110
Q

name of 1* cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses

111
Q

synchondroses cartilage type

A

hyaline cartilage

112
Q

name of 2* cartilaginous joints

A

symphyses

113
Q

symphyses cartilage type

A

fibrocartilage

114
Q

what type of joint are intervertebral discs?

A

2* cartilaginous joint (symphyses)

Anatomy Bootcamp (17 decks)

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