Anatomical Terminology and Overview of Systems Flashcards
median plane
- vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body
- divides body into right and left halves
sagittal plane
vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane
frontal (coronal plane)
- vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to the median plane
- divides the body into anterior and posterior
transverse (axial) plane
- passes through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes
- divides the body into superior & inferior
joint
where 2 or more bones or cartilages articulate with one another
integumentary system
skin, its appendages, and the subcutaneous tissue just beneath it
superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue)
fatty layer located just beneath the skin
major functions of the skin
protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis and storage
fascia
insulating materials of the deep structures of the body
deep fascia
- dense, organized connective tissue layer
- no fat
- deep to the superficial fascia
investing fascia
extensions from the internal surface of the deep fascia that invest deeper structures
(ex - individual muscles, neurovascular bundles)
bursae
- closed sacs/envelopes of serous membrane
- secrete fluid to lubricate smooth internal muscle
serous membrane
- delicate connective tissue collapsed
- secretes a thin layer of lubricating fluid
- enables one structure to move more freely over another in locations subject to friction (lungs)
what is the skeleton composed of?
cartilages and bones
bone markings
appear wherever tendons, ligaments, and fascias are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bodies
capitulum
small, round, articular head
condyle
rounded, knuckle-like articular area
usually occurs in pairs
crest
ridge of bone
epicondyle
eminence superior to a condyle
facet
- smooth flat area
- usually covered with cartilage
- where a bone articulates with another bone
foramen
passage through a bone
fossa
hollow or depressed area
groove
elongated depression or furrow
head
large, round articular end
malleolus
rounded process
notch
indentation at the edge of a bone
protuberance
projection of bone
spine
thorn-like process
spinous process
projecting spine-like part
trochanter
large blunt elevation
trochlea
spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley
tubercle
small raised eminence
tuberosity
large rounded elevation
3 classes of joints
- synovial
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
synovial joint
articulating bones are united by a joint (articular) capsule spanning and enclosing a joint cavity
what is a joint capsule composed of?
an outer fibrous layer (membrane) lined by a serous synovial membrane
fibrous joint
articulating bones are united by fibrous tissue
cartilaginous joints
articulating structures are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
what comprises the circulatory system?
cardiovascular and lymphatic system
2 types of circulation
pulmonary and systemic circulation
anastomoses
communications between the multiple branches of an artery or arteries
what do anastomoses do?
provide numerous potential detours for blood flow in case the usual pathway is obstructed
what are accompanying veins also known as?
venae comitantes
what does the right lymphatic duct drain?
lymph from right side of head, neck, thorax, and upper limb
what does the right lymphatic duct enter?
right venous angle
what makes up a venous angle?
internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
what does the thoracic duct drain?
lymph from the remainder of the body
what are the structural divisions of the nervous system?
central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS)
CNS
brain & spinal cord
PNS
- everything else (nerves coming off brain and spinal cord)
- nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS that conduct impulses toward or away from the CNS
what are the functional divisions of the nervous system?
somatic nervous system (SNS) & autonomic nervous system (ANS)
somatic nervous system
supplies body
autonomic nervous system
supplies viscera, glands, smooth muscle
structural and functional units of the nervous system specialized for rapid communication
neurons
what is a neuron’s composition?
cell body, dendrites, axon
dendrites carry impulses ___
to the cell body
axons carry impulses ____
away from the cell body
myelin
layers of lipid and protein substances
what does the myelin sheath do?
greatly increase the velocity of impulse conduction
collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
nucleus
bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connection neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS
tract
gray matter
nerve cell bodies
white matter
interconnection fiber tract systems (axons)
pia mater
delicate, transparent, innermost
arachnoid mater
- between dura and pia
- where CSF is located
dura mater
thick tough outerlayer
epidural space
- fat filled
- separates dura mater of the spinal cord and the surrounding bone of the vertebral column
ganglion
collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
2 types of ganglia
motor (autonomic) and sensory ganglia
3 types of motor (autonomic) ganglia
- paravertebral (sympathetic)
- prevertebral (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- cranial (parasympathetic)
where do the motor fibers of the anterior root go?
pass from nerve cell bodies in the anterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter»_space;> to effector organs located peripherally
what does the posterior root consist of?
sensory (afferent) fibers
where do the sensory fibers of the posterior root go?
from cell bodies in the spinal sensory ganglion or dorsal root ganglion»_space;>
- extend peripherally to sensory endings
- pass centrally to posterior horn of spinal gray matter
what is the order of a spinal nerve
anterior and posterior rootlets»_space; anterior (motor) and posterior (senstory) roots»_space; spinal sensory or dorsal root ganglion»_space; spinal nerve (mixed)»_space; anterior and posterior rami
dermatome
fibers of a single spinal nerve that innervate skin
myotome
fibers of a single spinal nerve that innervate muscle
what spinal nerves have little to no representation on the trunk?
C5-T1 (upper limbs) and L3-S1 (lower limbs)
nerve plexuses (mulitsegmental peripheral nerves)
anterior rami merged with all or portions of one or more adjacent anterior rami
2 types of somatic fibers
- general sensory fibers
- somatic motor fibers
2 types of visceral fibers
- visceral sensory fibers
- visceral motor fibers
what type of neuron do both types of sensory fibers (general sensory and visceral sensory) process?
pseudounipolar neurons
pseudounipolar neurons
cell bodies located outside the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia»_space;> gray matter
what type of neuron do both types of motor fibers (somatic motor and visceral motor) process?
multipolar neurons
somatic motor neurons
cell bodies located in gray matter of spinal cord»_space;> anterior root of the spinal nerve»_space;> the effector organ
presynaptic visceral motor neurons
cell bodies located in gray matter of spinal cord»_space;> anterior root of the spinal nerve»_space;> synapse in autonomic ganglion»_space;> now a postsynaptic visceral motor neuron
postsynaptic visceral motor neurons
cell bodies located outside the CNS in autonomic ganglia»_space;> glands, smooth muscle, viscera
what is the somatic nervous system composed of?
parts of the CNS and PNS
somatic sensory system
transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors
(reach conscious level)
somatic motor system
innervates only skeletal muscle
what is the autonomic nervous system composed of?
motor fibers that stimulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
smooth muscle
involuntary
cardiac muscle
impulse conduction
glandular
secretory
2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system motor fibers and ganglia
- sympathetic (thoracolumbar)
- parasympathetic (cranioscaral)
presynaptic sympathetic division of ANS cell bodies
in T1-L2
parasympathetic division of ANS
cell bodies in cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10
postsynaptic sympathetic division of ANS cell bodies
- paravertebral ganglia
- prevertebral ganglia
paravertebral ganglia
forms sympathetic trunks on each side of the vertebral column
prevertebral ganglia
in plexuses surrounding main branches of abdominal aorta
which system consists of the epidermis, dermis, and specialized structures?
integumentary system
what is located beneath the dermis and contains most of the body’s fat stores?
superficial fascia
what is an organized connective tissue layer that completely envelops the body beneath the subcutaneous tissue of the skin?
deep fascia
what is a union between 2 or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton?
joint
what are the 3 general types of joints?
synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
what are the 3 types of muscle?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
which type of muscle is further classified according to their shape and multi-headed or multi-bellied?
skeletal muscle
what makes up the cardiovascular system?
circulatory & lymphatic system
what drains surplus fluid from the extracellular spaces to the bloodstream and also functions as the body’s defense system?
lymph
what are the non-neuronal, supporting cells of the nervous system?
glial cells (neuroglia)
name of 1* cartilaginous joints
synchondroses
synchondroses cartilage type
hyaline cartilage
name of 2* cartilaginous joints
symphyses
symphyses cartilage type
fibrocartilage
what type of joint are intervertebral discs?
2* cartilaginous joint (symphyses)
