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Anatomy Bootcamp > Cytoplasm > Flashcards

Cytoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

what is the fuzzy coating called?

A

glycocalyx

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2
Q

what are free ribosomes used for?

A

synthesis of proteins

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3
Q

where are RER ribosomes located?

A
  • golgi
  • lysosomes
  • plasma membrane
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4
Q

where are mitochondrial ribosomes located?

A

20% mitochondrial proteins

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5
Q

where are the small and large subunit manufactured?

A

nucleoleous and released in cytosol

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6
Q

ER function

A

synthesis of organic material

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7
Q

which ER is tubular?

A

SER

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8
Q

SER function

A
  • lipid/steroid metabolism
  • membrane formation/recycling
  • detox
  • glycogen metabolism
  • Calcium storage
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9
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum is where

A

SER in muscle tissue

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10
Q

RER function

A

protein synthesis for:

  • export
  • golgi
  • lysosomes
  • plasma membrane
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11
Q

where does Golgi receive transport vesicles from?

A

from RER to the cis-face

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12
Q

what happens in the cis-golgi?

A

phosphorylation of proteins

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13
Q

what happens in the medial Golgi?

A

addition of sugar residues

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14
Q

what happens in the trans-golgi?

A
  • protein proteolysis
  • lipid and protein sorting
  • addition of sugar residues
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15
Q

what are the 3 options for a vesicle leaving the trans Golgi?

A
  • incorporation of new cell membrane
  • lysosomes
  • secretion (exocytosis)
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16
Q

4 functions of golgi

A
  • modification of proteins
  • sorting of macromolecules
  • packaging vesicles
  • lysosome production
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17
Q

what kind of cells are secretory vesicles usually found in?

A

pancreatic cells

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18
Q

what receptor is needed for lysosome destination?

A

mannose-6-phosphate

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19
Q

which destination pathway is common for collagen?

A

constitutive pathway (cell membrane)

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20
Q

lysosome pH

A

acidic

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21
Q

what enzymes do lysosomes have?

A
  • proteases
  • lipases
  • glucosidases
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22
Q

which lysosome has no substrate?

A

primary

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23
Q

which lysosome fuses with target?

A

secondary

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24
Q

which lysosome has lipofuscin granules (undigested material)?

A

senescent lysosomes

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25
Q

what is lysosomal storage disease called?

A

I-cell disease

26
Q

what is missing with I-cell disease?

A
  • no sorting signal

- no lysosomal enzymes (mannose-6-phosphate)

27
Q

what is I-cell disease presentation?

A
  • abnormal skeleton
  • restricted joints
  • hepatomegaly
  • spelnomegaly
28
Q

which enzymes are oxidative?

A

peroxisomes

29
Q

which enzymes make very long chain fatty acids and have a H2O2 byproduct?

A

peroxisomes

30
Q

which enzyme degrades H2O2?

A

catalase

31
Q

which syndrome has a lack of peroxisomes, no myelin sheath, and early death?

A

Zellweger syndrome

32
Q

which syndrome has X-linked, impairs oxidation of fatty acids, causes lipid accumulation in the brain?

A

Adrenoleukodystrophy

33
Q

what is the result of Adrenoleukodystrophy?

A
  • dementia

- adrenal failure

34
Q

what does the mitochondria matrix contain?

A

its own DNA and enzymes

35
Q

what is the important protein in the mitochondrial intermembrane space?

A

cytochrome C = causes apoptosis

36
Q

what important granules does the mitochondria have?

A

electron dense granules (calcium storage)

37
Q

what kind of inheritance involves the mitochondrial DNA?

A

maternal

38
Q

how do mitochondrial myopathies manifest?

A
  • proximal muscle weakness
  • extraocular muscles
  • neuro symptoms
  • lactic acidosis
  • cardiomyopathy
39
Q

3 filaments of the cytoskeleton

A
  • thin filaments (actin)
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
40
Q

2 types of thin (actin) filaments

A
  • G actin
  • F actin

(G actin becomes F actin)

41
Q

which actin filament is polymerized

A

F-actin

42
Q

what forms the cell cortex?

A

thin filaments

43
Q

where are microtubules NOT found?

A

erythrocytes

44
Q

which filaments are non-branching hollow cylinders that are polymerized?

A

microtubules

45
Q

2 proteins in microtubules

A

a-tubulin

b-tubulin

46
Q

which microtubule motor moves to the minus end and beats flagella?

A

dyneins

47
Q

which microtubule motor moves to the plus end?

A

kinesins

48
Q

microtubule functions

A
  • organelle movement
  • chromosome movement
  • flagella/cilia
49
Q

what are the different microtubule higher order structure?

A
  • axoneme
  • basal bodies
  • MTOC (2 centrioles)
50
Q

what makes up an axoneme?

A
  • 9 doublets of microtubules
  • central pair
  • dynein arm
51
Q

what makes up a centriole?

A

9 triplets of microtubules

52
Q

MTOCs are in all cells except which 2 cells?

A
  • neurons

- RBCs

53
Q

which filaments have no polarity and no motor?

A

intermediate filaments

54
Q

6 major groups of intermediate filaments

A
  • Lamins
  • Keratins
  • Vimentin
  • Desmin
  • GFAP
  • Neurofilament protein
55
Q

lamins location

A

nucleus

56
Q

keratins location

A

epithelium

57
Q

vimentin location

A

connective tissue

58
Q

desmin location

A

muscle

59
Q

GFAP location

A

glial cells

60
Q

neurofilament protein location

A

neurons

61
Q

intermediate filament functions

A
  • spread tensile forces
  • maintain cell architecture
  • cocoon for damaged cell
  • ion channel protein anchor
  • create nuclear lamina
62
Q

where are the most peroxisomal proteins synthesized?

A

cytoplasmic ribosomes

Anatomy Bootcamp (17 decks)

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