Intro

Question 1

Effects of pharm on PT practice

Answer 1

hinder therapy w side effects/effects
facilitate therapy by reducing pain or symptoms
contribute to safety with emergency meds like inhalers

Question 2

chemical name

Answer 2

compound structure name

Question 3

generic name

Answer 3

derived from chemical name, shorter
ex) acetaminophen

Question 4

Trade/brand name

Answer 4

assigned to compound by company for marketing purposes

Question 5

schedule 1 drug

Answer 5

drugs that have no approved medical use as well as a high potential for abuse
ex) heroin, LSD, MDMA

Question 6

Schedule 2 drug

Answer 6

drugs with high potential for abuse and dependence but have an accepted medical use
ex) fentanyl, methamphetamine, oxycodone

Question 7

Schedule 3 drugs

Answer 7

mod-low abuse potential compared to schedule 2 drugs
ex) steroids, testosterone, ketamine

Question 8

Schedule 4 drugs

Answer 8

Low abuse potential compared to 3 and low risk of dependence
ex) diazepam, tramadol

Question 9

Schedule 5 drugs

Answer 9

lowest abuse potential
low dose opioid in cough meds

Question 10

Sources of drugs

Answer 10

Natural: plant, animal/marine, mineral, microorganisms
Chemical: semi or fully synthetic
biotechnological: monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, gene therapy

Question 11

What criteria do generic drugs need to satisfy to sub for a brand name?

Answer 11

generic has been tested to make sure its the same type/amount of active ingredient, sane pharmacokinetic profile, same admin route, same effects
if all are equal, then drugs are bioequivalent

Question 12

off label prescribing

Answer 12

drs prescribe drugs for conditions they are not approved for based on their experience and observation
often for conditions where we don’t have a good treatment or FDA approved option

Question 13

pharmacokinetics

Answer 13

what happens in your body when you take a medication
absorption/distribution/metabolism/excretion
movement of medicine

Question 14

pharmacodynamics

Answer 14

how drug affects the body, the purpose of taking the medication
has cellular and systemic effects
mechanism of action
dose response/potency/therapeutic index
effects
side effects

Question 15

toxicology

Answer 15

toxic effects of a medication in overdose or abnormal dose

Question 16

What factors impact absorption of medication?

Answer 16

bioavailability of drug in systemic circulation determines absorption
stomach acidity, gastric emptying, SA, GI enzymes, dvlptal changes all impact

Question 17

bioavailability depends on

Answer 17

route of administration
drugs ability to cross membranes passive/active/facilitated/other

Question 18

distribution of a drug is affected by

Answer 18

tissue permeability, blood flow, plasma proteins, and subcellular components
eg drugs go to areas of higher blood flow first such as the live, kidneys, brain, lungs

Question 19

drugs are stored in:

Answer 19

bone, adipose, muscle, organs

Question 20

volume of distribution

Answer 20

amount of drug administered/concentration of drug in plasma
availability of the drug in the bloodstream
affected by distribution and it’s binding to blood proteins

Question 21

drug excretion is through

Answer 21

kidneys: glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
excreted in urine mainly
can also be excreted through fecal matter like with fat soluble substances

Question 22

Drug metabolism: significance of CYP enzyme

Answer 22

CYP enzyme is involved in drug metabolism, so drugs either increasing or decreasing its activity will have an impact on the metabolism of other drugs the patient is taking
could lead to toxic effects or reducing the intended effect

Question 23

clearance rate of a drug

Answer 23

ability of organs/tissue to eliminate the drug

Question 24

half life

Answer 24

time to reduce to 50% of the original drug amount in the body

Question 25

factors impacting patient response to a drug

Answer 25

genetics
disease of liver/kidneys/etc
age
gender
drug interactions
environmental
exercise

Question 26

how is absorption different in infants

Answer 26

less stomach acid decreases bioavilability
delayed gastric emptying increases time for drug to work
increased cutaneous perfusion
increased topical absorption

Question 27

how is distribution different in infants

Answer 27

altered distribution due to different water, adipose, and albumin concentrations

Question 28

how is drug metabolism different in infants

Answer 28

lower hepatic enzyme levels until 1

Question 29

how does excretion differ in infants

Answer 29

decreased glomerular filtration/secretion
before 7 months drugs can have adverse effects due to lack of elimination from kidneys

Question 30

How does absorption differ in the elderly?

Answer 30

increased stomach pH
delayed gastric emptying

Question 31

How does distribution differ in the elderly?

Answer 31

lower water percentage, increased adipose %, decreased albumin

Question 32

How does drug metabolism differ in the elderly?

Answer 32

decrease in hepatic biotransformation

Question 33

How does excretion differ in the elderly?

Answer 33

decreased glomerular filtration/secretion
causes adverse drug rxns

Question 34

potency of a drug

Answer 34

dose that produces a given response in a specific amplitude
dose required for response. depending on strength of medication

Question 35

dose response curve

Answer 35

shows minimum therapeutic level as well as ceiling effect where response will not increase beyond

Question 36

therapeutic window of a drug

Answer 36

minimum level to achieve desired response to maximum level before experiencing adverse effects

Question 37

E50

Answer 37

median effective dose
50% of the population responds to the drug at this dose

Question 37

T50

Answer 37

median toxic dose
50% of the group exhibits adverse effects at this dose
often lethality, animal studies

Question 38

therapeutic index

Answer 38

TI = TD50/ED50
want number to be high so toxic dose is high and effective dose is low, safer to have larger difference in doses