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infection > Influenza (4 types + avian ) > Flashcards

Influenza (4 types + avian ) Flashcards

1
Q

genome of influenza is …1… which allows a high rate of …..2..

A
  1. single stranded RNA
  2. mutation
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2
Q

differences between the 3 major serotypes (A,B,C) of influenza are based on ?

A

antigens associated with the nucleoprotein

= influenza types can be distinguised by the specific proteins present inside the virus

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3
Q

Type of virus that influenza virus is ?

A

enveloped negative-sense single stranded RNA

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4
Q

influenza virus family ? what virus is it ?

A

orthomyxoviridae

orthomyxovirus

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5
Q

Types of influenza virus responsible for seasonal flu in humans

A

Type B (infect only humans) , maybe A (infect animals + humans)

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6
Q

Type A classified into subtypes based on ?

A
  • hemagglutinin
  • neuraminidase proteins
    e.g. Avian flu H5N1 , H9N2
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7
Q

Influenza A viruses are responsible for …1… that usually cause higher …2… than seasonal …3..

A
  1. sporadic pandemics
  2. mortality rates
  3. influenza epidemics
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8
Q

Type B influenza virus classifed how ?

A

by lineage e.g. B/Victoria

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9
Q

Influenza virus replication happens where ?

A

in host cell nucleus

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10
Q

Pathogenesis of influenza ?

A
  • prefers respiratory epithelium
  • it multiplies in the ciliated cells of lower resp tract
  • cellular synthesis of nucleic acids + proteins is shut down
  • ciliated + mucus - producing epithelial cells are shed
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11
Q

risk factors of influenza infection ?

A
  • pregnancy
  • age (< 5 yrs or >65 yrs)
  • chronic medical conditions e.g. diabetes
  • immunosuppressive conditions
  • healthcare provision
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12
Q

signs and symptoms of influenza ?

A
  • sudden fever
  • pharyngitis
  • congestion
  • cough
  • myalgia
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13
Q

Flu patients are susceptible to secondary infections due to virally produced damage to lung epithelium

3 bacteria that are common causes of superinfection ?

A
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
  • haemophilus influenzae
  • staphylococcus aureus
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14
Q

Influenza transmitted via how ?

A
  • inhalation of airborne viruses
  • self-inoculation
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15
Q

complications of influenza occur most often in who ?

A
  • elderly
  • children
  • those with chronic diseases
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16
Q

Complications with influenza infection ?

A
  • acute pneumonia in 30-40% hospitalised patients
  • secondary bacterial infections
  • acute respiratory distress syndrome
17
Q

Treatment for influenza infection ?

A
  • uncomplicated = relief of symptoms (e.g. fever)
  • severe / progressive clinical illness = antivirals , neuraminidase inhibitors (e.g. oseltamivir, zanamivir)
18
Q

Prevention for influenza infection ?

A

vaccination

19
Q

In infleunza infection virus replicates predominately in ….1…. cells because it’s the only site where ..2… is effectively cleaved

A
  • respiratory epithelial cells
  • HA (hemagglutinin )
20
Q

Cold symptoms

A

cold:
* low / no fever
* sometimes headache
* runny/ stuffy nose
* sneezing
* mild, hacking cough
* slight aches and pains
* normal energy level / may feel sluggish
* mild fatigue

21
Q

flu symptoms:

A
  • high fever
  • headache very common
  • clear nose
  • sometimes sneezing
  • cough, often becoming severe
  • often severe aches + pains
  • several weeks of fatigue
  • sometimes a sore throat
  • extreme exhaustion
22
Q

What do the following influenza viruses infect ?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

A
  1. humans and many different animals + can cause influenza pandemic
  2. amond humans + causes seasonal epidemics
  3. humans + pigs , generally mild infections and rarely reported
  4. primarily cattle not known to infect people
23
Q

How can influenza A virus cause an influenza pandemic ?

A

emergence of a new and very different INF A virus
with ability infect people and have sustained human to human transmission

24
Q

why are influenza type A viruses of most significance to public health ?

A

potential to cause an influenza pandemic

25
Q

Avian influenza is a ..1… disease caused by viruses that infect ..2..

A
  1. contagious
  2. birds
26
Q

How are avian influenza A virus strains classified ?

A

On basis of molecular + pathogenicity criteria

  • low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)
  • highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
27
Q

Most strains of Avian influenza are …1… viruses and cause ..2… infection or ..3… disease in poultry

A

1.LPAI
2.asymptomatic
3.mild

28
Q

LPAI H6N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, H9N2, H10N7, and H10N8 virus strains have infected humans causing disease ranging from ?

A

from conjunctivitis to non-fatal upper respiratory and lower respiratory tract disease

to severe lower respiratory tract disease and death (H7N9, H10N8)

29
Q

Rare,sporadic human cases of HPAI virus infection have been detected with which viruses ?

A
  • H5N1
  • H5N6
  • H7N3
  • H7N7
30
Q

Rare, sporadic human cases of HPAI viruses have caused a wide spectrum of illness from …1.. to ..2…, ….3.., and ..4…

A
  1. conjunctivitis
  2. severe pneumonia
  3. acute respiratory distress syndrome
  4. fatal outcomes
31
Q

Avian flu presentation ?

A
  • cough
  • influenza-like illness (non-specific symptoms e.g. headache, rhinorrhoea, sore throat, myalgia)
  • dyspnoea
  • fever
  • wheeze
  • tachypnoea
32
Q

Risk factors for avian infleunza A

A
  • close contact with infected birds
  • recent travel to a virus infected country
  • visits to live poultry market in endemic countries
  • contact with infected humans (carers of family members)
  • healthcare personnel using inadequate PPE
33
Q

How to differentiate clinically between the following: Avian influenza A, influenza, TB, covid-19, bacterial pneumonia, SARS, MERS ?

A
  • PCR for covid-19, avian influenza, SARS, MERS
  • sputum / blood culture for bacterial pneumonia (GAS/ S. pneumoniae)
  • acid fast stain + culture for TB
  • CXR (TB shows fibronodular opacities in upper lobes), also helpful for pneumonia (viral/ bacterial), lung cancer (can detect mass)
34
Q

Treatment for infleunza pharmacology aspect ?

A
  • antivirals - neuarminidase inhibitors e.g. oseltamivir
  • antimicrobials if clinical suspicion of secondary bacterial infection
35
Q

2 basic approaches for treatment of influenza ?

A
  • symptomatic care
  • anticipation of potential complications
36
Q

best treatments for influenza which aren’t antimicrobials / antivirals ?

A
  • rest + fluid intake
  • conservative use of analgesics for myalgia + headache
  • cough suppressants
37
Q

What are useful only if the infection if influenza diagnosed within 12-24 hours ?

A
  • amantidine
  • rimantadine
38
Q

With treatment for infleunza what is important to consider ?

A

complications for those with severe, complicated or progressive illness, or those who require hospitalisation

39
Q

Apart from antiviral treatment for influenza the public health management includes personal protective measures like:

A
  • Regular hand washing with proper drying of the hands
  • Good respiratory hygiene – covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, using tissues and disposing of them correctly
  • Early self-isolation of those feeling unwell, feverish and having other symptoms of influenza
  • Avoiding close contact with sick people
  • Avoiding touching one’s eyes, nose or mouth

infection (33 decks)

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