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infection > 6 Gastro Intestinal infections > Flashcards

6 Gastro Intestinal infections Flashcards

1
Q

Name the different MAIN structures in the GI tract

A

mouth
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus

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2
Q

Name the different accessory structures of the GI tract

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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3
Q

What are some way the GI tract is adapted to prevent infection and protect IN MOUTH ?

A
  • flow of liquids
  • saliva
  • lysozymes
  • normal bacterial flora
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4
Q

What are some way the GI tract is adapted to prevent infection and protect IN OESOPHAGUS?

A
  • flow of liquids
  • peristalsis
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5
Q

What are some way the GI tract is adapted to prevent infection and protect IN STOMACH?

A
  • Acidic pH
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6
Q

What are some way the GI tract is adapted to prevent infection and protect IN SMALL INTESTINE ?

A
  • flow of gut contents
  • peristalsis
  • mucus: bile
  • secretory IgA
  • lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s patches)
  • shedding and replacement of epithelium
  • normal flora
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7
Q

What are some way the GI tract is adapted to prevent infection and protect IN LARGE INTESTINE ?

A
  • normal flora
  • peristalsis
  • shedding and replacement of epithelium
  • mucus
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8
Q

Dysentery is defined as ..?

A

inflammatory disorder of the GI tract
often associated with blood and pus in faeces
accompanied by symptoms of pain, fever, abdominal cramps
usually resulting from disease of large intestine

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9
Q

Microbiota of the GI tract is composed of …

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi

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10
Q

Microbiota describes the ….

A

microbes that are normally present in and on the human body

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11
Q

examples of human microbiota bacteria

A
  • firmicutes
  • bacteroidetes
  • actinobacteria
  • proteobacteria
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12
Q

examples of human microbiota archaea

A
  • methanobrevibacter
  • mitrososphaera
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13
Q

examples of human microbiota viruses

A
  • herpesviridae
  • papillomaviridae
  • polyomaviridae
  • adenoviridae
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14
Q

examples of human microbiota eukarya

A
  • candida
  • malassezia
  • saccharomyces
  • cladosporium
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15
Q
  1. what does stool analysis look for ?
  2. It may also be used with ….. to detect parasites
A
  1. Presence of pathogenic microorganisms e.g. yeasts, parasite, bacteria.
  2. micrscopical analysis
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16
Q

Commensal bacteria are constantly breaching the epithelium barrier of the gut.

How does the gut not stay in a state of constant inflammation knowing that the gastrointestinal system is anti-inflammatory in nature ?

A
  1. commensal bacterial directly contribute to immunosuppressive environment
  2. macrophages inside lamina propria are non-inflammatory (don’t produce cytokines)
  3. IgA antibodies designed to protect mucosal surfaces and NOT produce inflammation (via transcytosis mechanisms)
  4. compartmentalised response = GI system is separate from systemic immune system
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17
Q

Transmission routes include…

A
  1. ingestion = faecal-oral / consumption of infected material e.g. food, water
  2. direct
  3. indirect
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18
Q

List some common oral infections

A
  • dental decay
  • gingivitis
  • periodontitis
  • oral herpes
  • oral thrush (oral candida)
  • hand, foot & mouth disease
  • herpangina
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19
Q

Gastritis is ….

A

inflammation of the stomach mucosa

20
Q

symptoms of gastritis

A
  • upper abdominal pain
  • indigestion
  • bloating
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • belching
  • loss of appetite
  • weight loss
21
Q

8 RISK FACTORS for gastritis :

A
  • NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
  • increased intake of alcohol or caffeine
  • severe physiological stress
  • autoimmune diseases
  • Crohn’s disease
  • crowded living conditions
  • unsafe drinking water supply
  • living with someone with a H. pylori infection
22
Q

Diagnosis for gastritis includes…

A
  • H. pylori breath test
  • stool test
  • blood test
  • endoscopy
23
Q

gastroenteritis is what ?

A

Inflammation of lining of the stomach and intestines

24
Q

symptoms of gastroenteritis …?

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • abdominal cramps (dull / sharp)
  • abdominal discomfort
25
Q

Common symptoms of gastritis and gastroenteritis ?

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
26
Q

Gastroenteritis causes:
* …1.. agents : …2….
* not all are directly related to ..3.. within gut
* ..4… can also mediate gastrointestinal inflammation

A
  1. infectious
  2. parasites, viruses, bacteria
  3. active infection
  4. pre-formed toxin
27
Q

overivew of Infectious and non-infectious causes of gastroenteritis

A

infectious = bacteria, parasites, viruses
non-infectious = food poisoning, food intoxication

28
Q

what is food poisoning ?

A

Ingestion of pathogen / toxin leading to infection of GI tract, thought to be caused by consumption of food and water

29
Q

How can food poisoning lead to gastroenteritis ?

A
  • bacteria multiply and produce toxins within the contaminated food
  • while the organisms may be destroyed during food preparation - toxins aren’t destroyed (food poisoning)
30
Q

what is food intoxication ?

A

ingestion of preformed toxins (not infection with organism itself)

31
Q

definition of diarrhoea ?

A

abnormal faecal discharge characterised by frequent and / or fluid stool

32
Q

Diarrhoea is usually the result of the …1… and involving loss of …2..

A
  1. small intestine
  2. fluid and electrolyte
33
Q

Diarrhoea without blood / pus is usually indicative of ….. production

A

enterotoxin

34
Q

Diarrhoea with blood / pus is usually indicative of …

A

invasive infection with mucosal destruction

35
Q

there are 4 groups of viruses associated with gastroenteritis , name them :

A

RACE
* rotovirus (groups A, B, and C)
* astroviruses
* caliciviruses (noroviruses, sapoviruses)
* enteric adenoviruses (type 40 and 41)

36
Q

do bacterial or viral infections cause milder gastroenteritis ?

A

viral produces MILDER symtpoms which are similar to bacterial

37
Q

enterocolitis definition ?

A

inflammation involving the mucosa of both the small and large intestine

38
Q

Name some bacterial causes of dysentery
SCCS

A
  • shigella spp
  • salmonella spp
  • campylobacter spp
  • enteroinvasive E.coli
  • enterohaemorragic E. coli
  • Yesernia enterocolitica
  • Vibrio parahaemolyticus
  • clostridium difficile
39
Q

Name some bacterial causes of watery diarrhoea
CCCV B+SS (305 buffalo’s and sheep )

& which E.coli strains

A
  • campylobacter jejuni
  • clostridium perfringens
  • clostridium difficile
  • vibrio cholerae
  • bacillus cereus
  • staphylococcus aurues
  • slamonella spp
  • enteroxigenic E coli
  • enteropathogenic E coli
40
Q

Examples of helminth infection causing gastrointestinal infections

A
  • nematode (roundworm) infection
  • enterobius vermicularis (threadworm/pinform) infection
  • trematodes (flukes) infection
  • cestodes (tapeworms) infection
  • taenia spp (flatworms cestoda)
41
Q

Give some examples of protozoal infections

A
  • Amoebea = (Amboebiasis) entemoeba histolytica
  • Flagellates = (giardiasis) giardia intestinalis
  • Coccidia = (cryptosporidiosis) cryptosporidium parvum
  • Ciliates = (balantidisis) balantidium coli
  • Microspora =( microsporidiosis) enterocytozoon bieneusi
42
Q

Bacteria that are the predominant cause of travellers’ diarrhoea ?

A

enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC)

43
Q
  1. common bacterial cause of food poisoning
A
  1. staphyloccocus intoxication (S. aurues)
44
Q

S.aurues produces …1.. which stimulate ..2.., nausea & vomiting . They are also resistent to …3.. in stomach/ small intestine

A
  1. 5 heat-stable enterotoxins (A-E)
  2. intestinal muscle contractions
  3. enzyme destruction
45
Q

Which type of diarrhoea is usually the result of enterotoxin production without the presence of blood or pus ?

A

bacterial

46
Q

Which test allows the detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria in the stool ?
1. stool observational analysis
2. microscopic analysis
3. stool culture
4. blood test
5. urine analysis

A
  1. stool culture
47
Q

What is the predominant cause of traveller’s diarrhoea ?

A

bacterial pathogens

infection (33 decks)

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