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infection > 7.1 Genital tract Non-sexually T INFECTIONS > Flashcards

7.1 Genital tract Non-sexually T INFECTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

List 8 non-STI infections

A
  • candidiasis
  • bacterial vaginosis
  • toxic shock syndrome
  • group B streptococcus
  • STORCH
  • post-partum sepsis & other post-partum infection
  • UTI
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2
Q

Infection of candidiasis ?

A
  • fungal
  • yeast candida albicans most common
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3
Q

What percentage of women will experience at least one episode of a yeast infection in their lifetime?

A

75%

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4
Q

List some factors that are associated with an increased risk of developing a yeast infection.

A
  • antibiotic use
  • local irritants such as soap
  • diabetes
  • HIV infection
  • oral contraceptive pills
  • hormone replacement therapy (HRT
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5
Q

Presentation of candidiasis in female and men ?

A

female:
* vulval/vaginal itching
* sorness
* ‘cheese-like’ vaginal discharge
* dysuria

men:
* redness
* itching on penis
* foreskin sores
* white discharge

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6
Q

How can the use of antibiotics lead to a yeast infection (candida) ?

A

antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria and yeast in the body, allowing Candida albicans to overgrow

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7
Q

management for candidiasis ?

A

antifungals e.g. fluconazole

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8
Q

Bacterial vaginosis is a …. of the vagina

A

dysbiosis (imbalance bacterial composition ?)

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9
Q

What is bacterial vaginosis characterised by ?

A

overgrowth of anaerobes such as gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella species and a loss of lactobacillii

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10
Q

What changes in vaginal pH are associated with BV?

A

increased vaginal pH greater than 4.5

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11
Q

Is bacterial vaginosis considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

A

No, bacterial vaginosis is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, although its prevalence is higher among sexually active women.

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12
Q

What are the typical symptoms of BV?

A

The typical symptoms of BV include a fishy-smelling, thin, grey discharge.

Unlike yeast infections, BV usually does not cause itching or soreness.

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13
Q

What specific microscopic finding is associated with BV?

A

The presence of ‘clue cells’ on microscopy is associated with BV.

Clue cells are vaginal epithelial cells coated with bacteria, giving them a stippled appearance.

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14
Q

Which bacteria are commonly overgrown in BV?

A

overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella species

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15
Q

What are lactobacilli, and what happens to them in BV?

A

Lactobacilli are beneficial bacteria that help maintain a healthy vaginal environment by producing lactic acid, which keeps the vaginal pH low.

In BV, there is a loss of lactobacilli, leading to an imbalance and overgrowth of harmful bacteria.

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16
Q

Management for Bacterial vaginosis ?

A

metronidazole, clindamycin

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17
Q

What makes TSS potentially life-threatening?

A

TSS is potentially life-threatening due to the severe systemic effects of the bacterial exotoxins, which can lead to multi-organ failure and shock if not treated promptly.

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18
Q

Menstrual TSS mainly associated with ….1….. but may also be seen with …2…

A
  1. staphylococcus aureus
  2. GAS
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19
Q

When tampons are used what permits the access of bacteria into the tissues of vagina ?

A

bacteria can gain entry into uterus via cervic or through mucosal splits or erosions in the vagina

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20
Q

Symptoms of TSS may include ?

A
  • fever
  • headache
  • skin rash
  • confusion
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
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21
Q

Risk factors for TSS may include ?

A

tampon use, postpartum period

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22
Q

In what % of healthy women’s reproductive tracts can GBS ( …. or …) be seen ?

A

35%
Group B streptococcus (sptreptococcus agalactiae)

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23
Q

Group B streptococcus can be transmitted to newborns when ?

A

at time of birth

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24
Q

Group B streptococcus is primary cause of what ?

A

neonatal sepsis / meningitis

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25
Q

What can group B streptococcus be associated with ?

A
  • premature labour
  • miscarriage
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26
Q

What lowers the risk of transmission of group B streptococcus to the body ?

A
  • screening occurs during pregnancy and receive IV antibiotics during labour
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27
Q

Group B streptococcus in pregnancy management ?

A

penicillin

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28
Q

What infections does STORCH stand for ?

A
  • congenital infections

S - Syphilis
T - Toxoplasmosis
O - Other infections (parvovirus B19, VZV (varicella zoster virus, varicella = chicken pox), HIV, Hepatitis B etc)
R - Rubella
C - CMV (cytomegalovirus)
H - Herpes simplex

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29
Q

Consequences of STORCH ?

A
  • mild maternal morbidity
  • but may have serious foetal consequences
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30
Q

What is a post partum infection ?

A

bacterial infection of femal repro tract following childbirth or miscarriage

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31
Q

What are the common symptoms of a postpartum infection?

A

pain in the lower abdomen, fever, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

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32
Q

What are some risk factors for developing a postpartum infection?

A
  • type of delivery
  • infections
  • bacterial vaginosis
  • diabetes
  • bacterial colonisation
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33
Q

With post-partum infection what should always be assessed for ?

A

maternal sepsis

34
Q

management for post-partum infection

A

depends on infection and severity - always assess for sepsis and empirical antibiotics may be used

35
Q

List symptoms from UTI’s infections by site - male

A
  • frequency
  • urgency
  • dysuria (pain)
  • haematuria
  • nocturia
  • cloudy, strong smelling urine
36
Q

Risk factors for UTI male ?

A
  • catheterisation
  • > 50y
  • BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - common condition older men where prostate enlarges)
  • urine obstruction
37
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of urinary tract infections? (most common non STI)

A

Escherichia coli (E.coli)

38
Q

Prostatitis is infection of the ..1… accompanied by infection of the …2..

A
  1. prostate
  2. urinary tract
39
Q

What are 3 common symtpoms of a UTI ?

A
  • dysuria (painful urination)
  • frequency
  • urgency
40
Q

How might prostatitis manifest in terms of pain ?

A
  • penile pain
  • rectal pain
  • lower back pain
  • pain on ejaculation
41
Q

During a physical examination, what finding might suggest prostatitis ?

A

tender, swollen prostate

42
Q

Infection causes of prostatitis

A
  • E.coli
  • pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Klebsiella
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhoea
43
Q

Characteristics of E.coli prostatitis

A
  • BPH, previous UTI, catheterisation
44
Q

Characteristics of prostatitis caused by Chlamydia / gonorrhoea

A
  • uncommon high risk sexual behaviour
  • anal receptive intercourse
45
Q

Urethritis signs and symptoms

A

signs: balanoposthitis (inflammation of the head of your penis and foreskin)

symptoms: penile irritation, urethral discomfort, urethral discharge, dysuria

46
Q

Urethritis often split into ?

A

NGU and gonococcal urethritis

47
Q

Causative organisms of urethritis ?

A
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • chlamydia
  • mycoplasma genitalium
  • ureaplasma urealyticum
  • trichomonas vaginalis
48
Q

Neisseria gonorrohoea is a bacteria that’s:
1. gram staining ?
2. intra/extra cellular shape ?
3. seen on ?

A
  1. GN
  2. intracellular diplococci
  3. urethral smear
49
Q

What is NGU ?

A

Non-Gonococcal Urethritis

50
Q

Chlamydia …

A
51
Q

mycoplasma genitalium…

A
52
Q

ureaplasma urealyticum…

A
53
Q

trichomonas vaginalis …

A
54
Q

What’s balanitis ?

A

redness and swelling of the glans penis

55
Q

symptoms of balanitis ?

A

penile discomfort , itch, bleeding

56
Q

characteristic symptom of balanitis infection with candida albicans ?

A

blotchy redness

57
Q

characteristic symptom of balanitis infection with chlamydia ?

A

circinate balanitis

58
Q

characteristic symptom of balanitis infection with gardnerella ?

A

foul smelling, inflammation ,oedema , mucoid discharge

59
Q

Epidiymo-orchitis …

A
60
Q

symptoms of epidiymp-orchitis ? [change Q are some of these signs ?]

A
  • scrotal pain
  • swelling
  • erythema
  • sometimes urethral discharge
  • oedema of the scrotum
  • pyrexia (fever)
61
Q

Characteristics of epidiymo-orchitis with infection chlamydia / gonorrhoea ? [change Q]

A
62
Q

Characteristics of epidiymo-orchitis with infection gram negative enteric organisms e.g. E.coli ? [change Q]

A
63
Q

Characteristics of epidiymo-orchitis with infection paramyxovirus (mumps)? [change Q]

A
64
Q

Women’s urethra length and positioning compared to men ?

A

shorter and opening closer to the anus

65
Q

Symptoms of UTI in females ?

A
  • dysuria
  • nocturia
  • frequency
  • cloudy urine
  • suprapubic pain
66
Q

In femal UTI, the most commonly identified causative uropathogen is …. , it’s identified in up to 77% of cases

A

Escherichia coli (E.coli)

67
Q

Risk factors of female UTI ?

A
  • sexual intercourse
  • new sexual partner
68
Q

vulvovaginitis characteristic signs and symptoms ?

A
  • vaginal dryness
  • vaginal discharge
  • itchy, sore vagina
  • pain on urination
69
Q

Characteristic symptoms of vulvovaginitis in candidiasis infection

A

white, odourless discharge

70
Q

Characteristic symptoms of trichomoniasis in candidiasis infection

A

‘fishy smelling’ frothy discharge

71
Q

Characteristic symptoms of vulvovaginitis in BV (bacterial vaginosis) infection

A
  • thin smelly discharge
  • no itching / soreness
72
Q

Characteristic symptoms of vulvovaginitis in gonorrhoea/chlamydia infection

A
  • no itching
  • associated with pain and purulent discharge
73
Q

Characteristic signs and symptoms of cervicitis ?

A
  • cervical discharge
  • cervical erythema
  • intermenstrual bleeding
  • post-coital bleeding
  • dyspareunia
74
Q

characteristic symptoms of cervicitis in chlamydia/gonorrhoea infection ?

A

easily induced cervical bleeding
mucopurulent discharge

75
Q

characteristic symptoms of cervicitis in HSV infection ?

A

vesicular or ulcerative lesions on the cervix

76
Q

characteristic symptoms of cervicitis in M. genitalium (mycoplasma genitalium) infection ?

A
  • post-coital bleeding
  • mucopurulent discharge
77
Q

Symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease ?

A
  • Lower abdominal pain
  • Unexplained vaginal discharge
  • Irregular bleeding
  • Dyspareunia
  • Dysuria
78
Q

Signs for Pelvic inflammatory disease ?

A
  • Cervical motion tenderness
  • Uterine tenderness
  • Adnexal tenderness
  • Fever
  • Nausea, vomiting
79
Q

characteristic symptoms of PID in M. genitalium (mycoplasma genitalium) infection ?

A

signs and symptoms similar to C. trachomatis

80
Q

characteristic symptoms of PID in Chlamydia/gonorrhoea infection ?

A
  • mucopurulent discharge
  • cervicitis
81
Q

characteristic of PID in gardnerella vaginalis infection ?

A

associated with BV

82
Q

characteristic of PID in enteric pathogens e.g. E.coli infection

A

cercivitis less likely

infection (33 decks)

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