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infection > 10 Vaccinations > Flashcards

10 Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

Passive immunity in infants is due to ? so what do newborns rely on for protection?

A
  • limited antigen exposure in utero
  • rely on innate immune system for
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2
Q

passive immunity in infants involves ?

A
  • maternal transfer of antibodies to foetus across placenta
  • through breast molk
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3
Q

passive immunity in infants provides :
1. protection duration ?
2. no production of ?

A
  1. short term
  2. no memory cells
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4
Q

Active immunity is protection produced by ?

A

individual’s own immune system and is usually long-lasting

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5
Q

What can active immune response be triggered by ?

A

naturally or via vaccination

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6
Q

Immunisation involves:
1. giving a vaccine that allows immunity to ….

A

develop without exposure to the disease itself

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7
Q

what is immunisation the process of inducing ?

A

immunity to a disease

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8
Q

How can immunisation be obtained ?

A

naturally , or by vaccination

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9
Q

List the features of a good vaccine

A

S F L C S Ea Es I P
* Safe
* few side effects
* long lasting, appropriate protection
* low in cost
* stable with long shelf-life (no special storage required)
* easy to administer
* easy to store / transport
* inexpensive
* public must see more benefit than risk

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10
Q

Who should not be vaccinated ?(HAF SPRINT)

A
  • allergy
  • fever
  • HIV infection
  • immunodeficiency e.g. cancer pts
  • neurological disorder
  • prematurity
  • reaction to previous vaccines
  • simultaneous adminstration of vaccines
  • thrombocytopenia
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11
Q

herd immunity ?
1. resistance to …
2. that results if a …

A
  1. the spread of a contagious disease within a population
  2. sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination
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12
Q

Which people does herd immunity protect ?

A

those who are unable to be vaccinated

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13
Q

herd immunity is achieved when …?

A

immunisation programs reach sufficiently high coverage of target population to interrupt transmission in the community

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14
Q

herd immunity depends on ? (deep TV)

A
  • degree to which disease is infectious
  • environmental factors
  • efficacy of vaccines
  • protects people unable to be vaccinated i.e. too young, have health problems, pregnant
  • thresholds quite high (% population that needs to be immune)
  • vulnerability of population
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15
Q

Why is vaccination considered a preventative measure rather than a treatment ?

A
  • they train immune system to recognise and combat pathogens
  • prevents infections before they occur reducing overall disease burden
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16
Q

How do vaccines work ? briefly explain

A
  1. imitating a bacteria/virus using either mRNA or a dead or weakened version of bacteria/virus
  2. vaccine raises body’s alarm, trains the body to recognise and fight the virus
  3. when body encounters the real-deal virus, it’s primed and ready to fight for the body’s health
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17
Q

Why have vaccination ? [change Q more specific]

A

 Prophylactic Nature
 Reduce disease burden
 Lower Incidence of Disease
 Morbidity and Mortality
 Improves global health security Healthcare Costs
 Herd Immunity

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of a good vaccine ?

A
  • safe
  • efficient
  • high immunoogenicity
  • long lasting immunity
  • stable
  • easy administration
  • cost effective
  • few adverse effects
  • broad protection
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19
Q

What are the 5 routes of vaccine administration ?

A
  • intradermal
  • subcutaneous
  • intramuscular
  • oral
  • nasal
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20
Q

which routes of vaccine administration is used in most vaccines ?

A
  • deep subcutaneous
  • intramuscular
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21
Q

Route of vaccine administration for BCG vaccine ?

A
  • oral
  • intradermal
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22
Q

Route of vaccine administration for small pox vaccine ?

A

scarification

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23
Q

Route of vaccine administration for live attenuated influenza vaccine

A

intranasal route

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24
Q

List 6 types of vaccines

A
  • live, attenuated
  • innactivated
  • toxoid
  • subunit
  • mRNA
  • viral vector
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25
Q

Inactivated vaccine includes what of a germ ?

A

dead version of the complete germ

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26
Q

What happens in the lab with inactivated vaccines ?

A

a wild virus is killed with heat or chemicals so it cannot replicate or cause disease in body , is safe for immunodeficient people

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27
Q

How does an inactivated vaccine work ?

A
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28
Q

How does an inactivated vaccine create immunity ?

A
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29
Q

advantages & disadvantages of inactivated vaccines ?

A

advantages:

disadvantages:

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30
Q

Other examples of inactivated vaccine apart from polio vaccine ?

A
  • whloe cell pertussis
  • influenza
  • japanese encephalitis
  • hepatitis A
  • rabies
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31
Q

what do attenuate / whole agent vaccines contain ?

A

living, weakened (attenuated) pathogens

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32
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines designed to stimulate ?

A

immune response similar to that of a natural infection - mild symptoms in vaccinated individuals

33
Q

examples of live attenuated vaccines

A
  • sabin’s oral polio vaccine (OPV)
  • MMR
  • BCG
  • yellow fever
  • influenza
  • typhoid
  • japanese encephalitis
  • rotavirus
  • varicella zoster
34
Q

advantages & disadvantages of live vaccines ?

A

advantages:
* multiply like natural organism
* require fewer doses and boosters
* long-lasting

disadvantages:
* special storage
* back mutation
* side effects

35
Q

What happens to live vaccines in the lab for attenuated vaccines ?

A

generally virus is passed through many generation of cells to pick up genetic mutation which weaken it - so much it won’t cause disease in body

36
Q

how does a live attenuated vaccine work ?

A
37
Q

how does a live, attenuate vaccine create immunity ?

A
38
Q

what do toxoid vaccine consist of ?

A

exotoxins that have been inactivated, either by heat or chemicals

39
Q

What does toxoid consist of ?

A

weakened components or toxins secreted by the pathogens

40
Q
  1. What are toxoid vaccines intended to build ?
  2. but not necessarily ..
A
  1. immunity against the toxins
  2. the bacteria that produce the toxins
41
Q

how does a toxoid vaccine work ?

A
42
Q

how does a toxoid vaccine create immunity ?

A
43
Q

advantages & disadvantages of toxoid vaccine ?

A

advantages:
* safe
* stable
* effective immunogenicity

disadvantages:
* requires booster
* limited scope
* allergic reactions

44
Q

Subunit vaccines use a portion of ….1…. to cause an immune response ..2… of its …3.. origin

A
  1. a bacteria or virus
  2. independent
  3. virus or bacteria
45
Q

Elements of subunit vaccines can be ?

A

proteins, polysaccharide chains, or a combination of these

46
Q

What are subunit protein vaccines ?

A
47
Q

Examples of subunit protein vaccines ?

A
  • acellular pertussis (inactivated pertussis toxin+ bacterial components)
  • hepatitis B vaccine (HBsAg)
48
Q

what are subunit polysaccharide & conjugate vaccines ?

A
49
Q

What are adjuvants ?

A
50
Q

examples of subunit polysaccharide & conjugate vaccines ?

A
  • typhoid vi polysaccharide vaccine
  • pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine Hib
  • pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
51
Q

what are subunit recombinant vaccines ?

A
52
Q

examples of subunit recombinant vaccines for what diseases ?

A
  • hep B
  • shingles vaccine
53
Q

advantages and disadvantages of subunit vaccine ?

A

advantages:
* safe, non-infectious
* few side effects - minimal reactogenicity
* targeted immune response
* stable

disadvantages:
* low immunogenicity
* limited antigen presentation
* production complexity
* adjuvant requirement

54
Q

What do viral vector vaccines contain ?

A

a strand of DNA encased inside a harmless virus that can deliver the instruction into a cell

55
Q

What needs to happen to the DNA encased inside a harmless virus of a viral vector vaccine ?

A

instructions need to be translated to RNA by the cell before they can make a piece of the virus

56
Q

What is a viral vector vaccine image ?

A
57
Q

How does a viral vector vaccine work ?

A
58
Q

How does a viral vector vaccine create immunity ?

A
59
Q

Examples of viral vector vaccines ?

A
  • ebola vaccine
  • covid-19
60
Q

advantages & disadvantges of viral vector vaccine

A

advantages:
+Strong immune response
+Stability and storage easier than nucleic acid vaccines +Rapid development
+No Adjuvants needed
+Targeted delivery

disadvantages:
-Preexsiting immunity to vector
-Rare side effects: blood clotting disorders -limited repeat dosing
-Manufacturing complexity

61
Q

mRNA vaccine contains ?

A
62
Q

what is the mRNA vaccine ?

A
63
Q

How does the mRNA vaccine work ?

A
64
Q

How does an mRNA vaccine create immunity ?

A
65
Q

Advantages & disadvantages of mRNA vaccine ?

A

advantages:
+Strong and specific immune response +No risk of infection
+Rapid development
+Flexibility and adaptability +Transient presence

disadvantages:
-Cold chain requirement -Limited long term safety data -Side effects
-Manufacturing complexity

66
Q

examples of mRNA vaccine ?

A
  • Pfizer-BioNTech covid-19
  • moderna covid-19
67
Q

what is an adjuvant ?

A

substance that enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen. Adjuvants are commonly used in vaccines to improve their efficacy by boosting the immune system’s response to the target pathogen.

68
Q

vaccine delivery system ?

A
69
Q

Examples of vaccine that use adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A

A

HPV (cervarix)

69
Q

Examples of vaccine that use adjuvant alumnium salt

A
  • DTaP
  • Hib
  • HepA
  • HepB
  • HIV
  • MMR
  • rabies
  • rotavirus
  • rubella
  • varicella
70
Q

Poliomyelitis means what ?

A

polio = gray
myel = spinal
itis = inflammation

71
Q

poliomyelitis = viral disease which may affect the ..1… causing ..2..

A
  1. spinal cord
  2. muscle weakness
  3. paralysis
72
Q

how does virus for poliomyelitis enter body ?

A

through mouth , usually from hands contaminated of an infected person

73
Q

3 types of poliomyelitis ?

A
  • spinal
  • bulbar
  • bulbospinal
74
Q

salk vaccine ?

A
75
Q

oral polio vaccine / sabin vaccine advantages

A

+ Easily administered by giving children a sugar cube or sugar liquid containing the vaccine
+ Indirectly protects other susceptible individuals by secondary vaccination

76
Q

oral polio vaccine / sabin vaccine disadvantages

A
  • the risk of vaccine / infection ?
  • associated paralytic polio as a result of the vaccination
77
Q
A

infection (33 decks)

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