10 Vaccinations Flashcards
Passive immunity in infants is due to ? so what do newborns rely on for protection?
- limited antigen exposure in utero
- rely on innate immune system for
passive immunity in infants involves ?
- maternal transfer of antibodies to foetus across placenta
- through breast molk
passive immunity in infants provides :
1. protection duration ?
2. no production of ?
- short term
- no memory cells
Active immunity is protection produced by ?
individual’s own immune system and is usually long-lasting
What can active immune response be triggered by ?
naturally or via vaccination
Immunisation involves:
1. giving a vaccine that allows immunity to ….
develop without exposure to the disease itself
what is immunisation the process of inducing ?
immunity to a disease
How can immunisation be obtained ?
naturally , or by vaccination
List the features of a good vaccine
S F L C S Ea Es I P
* Safe
* few side effects
* long lasting, appropriate protection
* low in cost
* stable with long shelf-life (no special storage required)
* easy to administer
* easy to store / transport
* inexpensive
* public must see more benefit than risk
Who should not be vaccinated ?(HAF SPRINT)
- allergy
- fever
- HIV infection
- immunodeficiency e.g. cancer pts
- neurological disorder
- prematurity
- reaction to previous vaccines
- simultaneous adminstration of vaccines
- thrombocytopenia
herd immunity ?
1. resistance to …
2. that results if a …
- the spread of a contagious disease within a population
- sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination
Which people does herd immunity protect ?
those who are unable to be vaccinated
herd immunity is achieved when …?
immunisation programs reach sufficiently high coverage of target population to interrupt transmission in the community
herd immunity depends on ? (deep TV)
- degree to which disease is infectious
- environmental factors
- efficacy of vaccines
- protects people unable to be vaccinated i.e. too young, have health problems, pregnant
- thresholds quite high (% population that needs to be immune)
- vulnerability of population
Why is vaccination considered a preventative measure rather than a treatment ?
- they train immune system to recognise and combat pathogens
- prevents infections before they occur reducing overall disease burden
How do vaccines work ? briefly explain
- imitating a bacteria/virus using either mRNA or a dead or weakened version of bacteria/virus
- vaccine raises body’s alarm, trains the body to recognise and fight the virus
- when body encounters the real-deal virus, it’s primed and ready to fight for the body’s health
Why have vaccination ? [change Q more specific]
Prophylactic Nature
Reduce disease burden
Lower Incidence of Disease
Morbidity and Mortality
Improves global health security Healthcare Costs
Herd Immunity
what are the characteristics of a good vaccine ?
- safe
- efficient
- high immunoogenicity
- long lasting immunity
- stable
- easy administration
- cost effective
- few adverse effects
- broad protection
What are the 5 routes of vaccine administration ?
- intradermal
- subcutaneous
- intramuscular
- oral
- nasal
which routes of vaccine administration is used in most vaccines ?
- deep subcutaneous
- intramuscular
Route of vaccine administration for BCG vaccine ?
- oral
- intradermal
Route of vaccine administration for small pox vaccine ?
scarification
Route of vaccine administration for live attenuated influenza vaccine
intranasal route
List 6 types of vaccines
- live, attenuated
- innactivated
- toxoid
- subunit
- mRNA
- viral vector
Inactivated vaccine includes what of a germ ?
dead version of the complete germ
What happens in the lab with inactivated vaccines ?
a wild virus is killed with heat or chemicals so it cannot replicate or cause disease in body , is safe for immunodeficient people
How does an inactivated vaccine work ?
How does an inactivated vaccine create immunity ?
advantages & disadvantages of inactivated vaccines ?
advantages:
disadvantages:
Other examples of inactivated vaccine apart from polio vaccine ?
- whloe cell pertussis
- influenza
- japanese encephalitis
- hepatitis A
- rabies
what do attenuate / whole agent vaccines contain ?
living, weakened (attenuated) pathogens
What are live attenuated vaccines designed to stimulate ?
immune response similar to that of a natural infection - mild symptoms in vaccinated individuals
examples of live attenuated vaccines
- sabin’s oral polio vaccine (OPV)
- MMR
- BCG
- yellow fever
- influenza
- typhoid
- japanese encephalitis
- rotavirus
- varicella zoster
advantages & disadvantages of live vaccines ?
advantages:
* multiply like natural organism
* require fewer doses and boosters
* long-lasting
disadvantages:
* special storage
* back mutation
* side effects
What happens to live vaccines in the lab for attenuated vaccines ?
generally virus is passed through many generation of cells to pick up genetic mutation which weaken it - so much it won’t cause disease in body
how does a live attenuated vaccine work ?
how does a live, attenuate vaccine create immunity ?
what do toxoid vaccine consist of ?
exotoxins that have been inactivated, either by heat or chemicals
What does toxoid consist of ?
weakened components or toxins secreted by the pathogens
- What are toxoid vaccines intended to build ?
- but not necessarily ..
- immunity against the toxins
- the bacteria that produce the toxins
how does a toxoid vaccine work ?
how does a toxoid vaccine create immunity ?
advantages & disadvantages of toxoid vaccine ?
advantages:
* safe
* stable
* effective immunogenicity
disadvantages:
* requires booster
* limited scope
* allergic reactions
Subunit vaccines use a portion of ….1…. to cause an immune response ..2… of its …3.. origin
- a bacteria or virus
- independent
- virus or bacteria
Elements of subunit vaccines can be ?
proteins, polysaccharide chains, or a combination of these
What are subunit protein vaccines ?
Examples of subunit protein vaccines ?
- acellular pertussis (inactivated pertussis toxin+ bacterial components)
- hepatitis B vaccine (HBsAg)
what are subunit polysaccharide & conjugate vaccines ?
What are adjuvants ?
examples of subunit polysaccharide & conjugate vaccines ?
- typhoid vi polysaccharide vaccine
- pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine Hib
- pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
what are subunit recombinant vaccines ?
examples of subunit recombinant vaccines for what diseases ?
- hep B
- shingles vaccine
advantages and disadvantages of subunit vaccine ?
advantages:
* safe, non-infectious
* few side effects - minimal reactogenicity
* targeted immune response
* stable
disadvantages:
* low immunogenicity
* limited antigen presentation
* production complexity
* adjuvant requirement
What do viral vector vaccines contain ?
a strand of DNA encased inside a harmless virus that can deliver the instruction into a cell
What needs to happen to the DNA encased inside a harmless virus of a viral vector vaccine ?
instructions need to be translated to RNA by the cell before they can make a piece of the virus
What is a viral vector vaccine image ?
How does a viral vector vaccine work ?
How does a viral vector vaccine create immunity ?
Examples of viral vector vaccines ?
- ebola vaccine
- covid-19
advantages & disadvantges of viral vector vaccine
advantages:
+Strong immune response
+Stability and storage easier than nucleic acid vaccines +Rapid development
+No Adjuvants needed
+Targeted delivery
disadvantages:
-Preexsiting immunity to vector
-Rare side effects: blood clotting disorders -limited repeat dosing
-Manufacturing complexity
mRNA vaccine contains ?
what is the mRNA vaccine ?
How does the mRNA vaccine work ?
How does an mRNA vaccine create immunity ?
Advantages & disadvantages of mRNA vaccine ?
advantages:
+Strong and specific immune response +No risk of infection
+Rapid development
+Flexibility and adaptability +Transient presence
disadvantages:
-Cold chain requirement -Limited long term safety data -Side effects
-Manufacturing complexity
examples of mRNA vaccine ?
- Pfizer-BioNTech covid-19
- moderna covid-19
what is an adjuvant ?
substance that enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen. Adjuvants are commonly used in vaccines to improve their efficacy by boosting the immune system’s response to the target pathogen.
vaccine delivery system ?
Examples of vaccine that use adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A
HPV (cervarix)
Examples of vaccine that use adjuvant alumnium salt
- DTaP
- Hib
- HepA
- HepB
- HIV
- MMR
- rabies
- rotavirus
- rubella
- varicella
Poliomyelitis means what ?
polio = gray
myel = spinal
itis = inflammation
poliomyelitis = viral disease which may affect the ..1… causing ..2..
- spinal cord
- muscle weakness
- paralysis
how does virus for poliomyelitis enter body ?
through mouth , usually from hands contaminated of an infected person
3 types of poliomyelitis ?
- spinal
- bulbar
- bulbospinal
salk vaccine ?
oral polio vaccine / sabin vaccine advantages
+ Easily administered by giving children a sugar cube or sugar liquid containing the vaccine
+ Indirectly protects other susceptible individuals by secondary vaccination
oral polio vaccine / sabin vaccine disadvantages
- the risk of vaccine / infection ?
- associated paralytic polio as a result of the vaccination
