5 Infection of Resp system DISEASES not pneumonia Flashcards
What are viruses classified according to ?
- genome structure
- physiochemical properties
- size (0.1 to 1 μm)
- morphology
- molecular processes
- genetic material
How are viruses classified based on genetic material ?
- RNA (positive ss, negative ss, ambisense ss, ds)
- DNA (ss, ds)
Flu is caused by ..1.. this a …2… RNA virus
- influenza virus
- enveloped negative-sense single-stranded
Influenza virus family ?
Orthomyxoviridae
Which infleunza virus types are responsible for seasonal flu in humans ?
- type A (acquatic birds)
- type B (human)
Type A infleunza virus is classified into subtypes based on what ?
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins e.g. H1N1
Type B influenza virus is classified by …. e.g….
lineage
B/Victoria
(strain and the origin of where the strain was first found e.g. Victoria being in Australia)
In which cells does a virus in influenza replicate predominately ?
in respiratory epithelial cells
(only site where HA (hemagluttinin) is effectively cleaved )
Infleunza infection risk factors ?
- Pregnancy
- Age (< 5 yrs. or > 65 yrs.)
- Chronic medical conditions
- Immunosuppressive conditions
- Healthcare provision
Complications involved with influenza infections ?
- Acute pneumonia (children/elderly)
- Secondary bacterial infection
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Influenza infection protection ?
vaccination , released every year
In influenza vaccination what’s difference between quadrivalent and tetravalent ? [unnecessary Q!!]
Q: 2 type A and 2 type B = vaccine contains four different strains of the influenza virus = may be used more broadly to refer to any vaccine containing four strains, regardless of the specific composition
T : 2 type A and 1 type B = specifically to emphasize the inclusion of two influenza A strains and two influenza B strains
Treatment involved with influenza infection ?
- Uncomplicated = relief of symptoms (e.g. fever)
- Severe or progressive clinical illness = antivirals, neuraminidase inhibitors
Compare symptoms of cold with symptoms of flu
(think temperatures, aches, nose , cough , fatigue, throat , energy levels !)
Cold:
low/no fever, sometimes headache, stuffy/runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, slight aches + pain, mild fatigue, sore throat, normal energy level/may feel sluggish
flu:
high fever, headache V. common , clear nose, sometimes sneezing, often becoming severe cough, slight aches and pains , several weeks of fatigue, sometimes sore throat, extreme exhaustion
Full name of SARS-CoV-2 ?
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Family and genus of SARS-CoV-2 ?
family = Coronaviridae
genus = Betacoronavirus
SARS-CoV-2 is what kind of RNA virus ?
enveloped positive-sense single-stranded
Reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 ?
zoonotic (natural reservoir not conclusively identified)
Name 2 key proteins that SARS-CoV-2 uses to infect the host ?
- angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
- Spike (S) protein
symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection ?
- fever
- cough
- feeling tired or exhausted
- aching body
- headache
- sore throat
- blocked or runny nose
- loss /change to sense of smell or taste
- shortness of breath
- loss of appetite
- diarrhoea
- feeling sick or being sick
Risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 infection ?
- Age
- Sex
- Chronic medical condition(s)
- Immunocompromised/immunosuppressed
- Malignancies (e.g. cancer)
- Pregnancy
Family and genus of measles ?
family = paramyxovirus
genus = morbillivirus
Type of RNA virus that measles is ?
enveloped non-segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus
Prevention for measles ?
vaccine
Measles symptoms ?
- 3 C’s: conjunctivits (pink eye), cough, coryza (running nose)
- red rash
Measles serious complications happen in which age range and what is involved in these ?
- < 5 and > 30 year olds
- blindness
- encephalitis
- severe diarrhoea -> dehydration
- severe respiratory infections e.g. pneumonia
Risk factors of measles
- vitamin A deficiency
- immunosuppressed / immunocompromised
Tuberculosis (TB) cause
mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria
Gram-positive-acid-fast bacterium
Tuberculosis prevention ?
BCG vaccination
Tuberculosis treatment ?
antibiotics -> multi-drug resistant TB is becoming a problem
Bacteria causing whooping cough ?
- bordetella pertussis
- bordetella parapertussis
Gram staining and shape of bacteria causing whooping cough ?
- gram negative
- coccobacillus
bordetella pertussis, bordetella parapertussis
meaning of pertussis ?
violent cough
Reservoir of whooping cough ?
human-restricted
Risk factors of whooping cough ?
- pregnancy
- epidemic exposure
- non-immunised
- close contact with case (infected individual)
diagnostic tests of whooping cough ?
- culture from nasopharyngeal aspirate or swab
- PCR (symptoms < 21 days)
- serology (children > 16 and adults)
Management of whooping cough ?
- first line antibiotic treatment (unless contraindicated , macrolides (e.g. erythromycin, clarithromycin))
- vaccination after recovery
- contact tracing
- self-care: rest, fluid intake, symptomatic pain relief
First line antibiotic treatment for whooping cough unless contraindicated
(situation where particular treatment not recommended due to potential risks to patient) …?
macrolide
Legionnaires’ disease caused by ?
- legionella pneumophila
Legionnaires’ disease caused by legionella pneumophila:
gram staining ?
bacteria shape ?
- gram - negative , rod bacterium
Legionnaires’ disease transmitted to humans as a ..1.. and no …2… transmission?
- humidified aerosol
- person to person
laboratory testing for diagnosis of legionnaires’ disease ?
- urine antigen test
- sputum
Infection of legionnaires’ disease caused by bacteria which thrives in what conditions ? like what ?
conditions: warm water and damp places
* hot tubs
* air-conditioning systems
* plumbing systems
Symptoms for legionnaires’ disease similar to …1.. and can include ..2..
- a severe flu
- fever, chills, loss of appetite, headache, lethargy
Treatment for legionnaires’ disease
- antibiotics
- no vaccine is currently available
Prevention for legionnaires’ disease
water supply systems should be cooled below 20 C or heated below 60C
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) caused by ?
fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii
fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii causes what ?
pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
Risk factors of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) ?
- immunocompromised (HIV/AIDS, cancer)
- use of immunosuppressant drugs (e.g. corticosteroids)
- chronic lung disease
- autoimmune disease
- severe malnutrition
Pneumocystic pneumonia (PCP) diagnosis & treatment?
- staining of sputum samples (cannot be cultured)
- antibiotics
