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infection > 5 Infection of Resp system DISEASES not pneumonia > Flashcards

5 Infection of Resp system DISEASES not pneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

What are viruses classified according to ?

A
  • genome structure
  • physiochemical properties
  • size (0.1 to 1 μm)
  • morphology
  • molecular processes
  • genetic material
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2
Q

How are viruses classified based on genetic material ?

A
  1. RNA (positive ss, negative ss, ambisense ss, ds)
  2. DNA (ss, ds)
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3
Q

Flu is caused by ..1.. this a …2… RNA virus

A
  1. influenza virus
  2. enveloped negative-sense single-stranded
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4
Q

Influenza virus family ?

A

Orthomyxoviridae

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5
Q

Which infleunza virus types are responsible for seasonal flu in humans ?

A
  • type A (acquatic birds)
  • type B (human)
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6
Q

Type A infleunza virus is classified into subtypes based on what ?

A

hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins e.g. H1N1

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7
Q

Type B influenza virus is classified by …. e.g….

A

lineage
B/Victoria

(strain and the origin of where the strain was first found e.g. Victoria being in Australia)

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8
Q

In which cells does a virus in influenza replicate predominately ?

A

in respiratory epithelial cells

(only site where HA (hemagluttinin) is effectively cleaved )

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9
Q

Infleunza infection risk factors ?

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Age (< 5 yrs. or > 65 yrs.)
  • Chronic medical conditions
  • Immunosuppressive conditions
  • Healthcare provision
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10
Q

Complications involved with influenza infections ?

A
  • Acute pneumonia (children/elderly)
  • Secondary bacterial infection
  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
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11
Q

Influenza infection protection ?

A

vaccination , released every year

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12
Q

In influenza vaccination what’s difference between quadrivalent and tetravalent ? [unnecessary Q!!]

A

Q: 2 type A and 2 type B = vaccine contains four different strains of the influenza virus = may be used more broadly to refer to any vaccine containing four strains, regardless of the specific composition

T : 2 type A and 1 type B = specifically to emphasize the inclusion of two influenza A strains and two influenza B strains

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13
Q

Treatment involved with influenza infection ?

A
  • Uncomplicated = relief of symptoms (e.g. fever)
  • Severe or progressive clinical illness = antivirals, neuraminidase inhibitors
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14
Q

Compare symptoms of cold with symptoms of flu
(think temperatures, aches, nose , cough , fatigue, throat , energy levels !)

A

Cold:
low/no fever, sometimes headache, stuffy/runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, slight aches + pain, mild fatigue, sore throat, normal energy level/may feel sluggish

flu:
high fever, headache V. common , clear nose, sometimes sneezing, often becoming severe cough, slight aches and pains , several weeks of fatigue, sometimes sore throat, extreme exhaustion

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15
Q

Full name of SARS-CoV-2 ?

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

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16
Q

Family and genus of SARS-CoV-2 ?

A

family = Coronaviridae
genus = Betacoronavirus

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17
Q

SARS-CoV-2 is what kind of RNA virus ?

A

enveloped positive-sense single-stranded

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18
Q

Reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 ?

A

zoonotic (natural reservoir not conclusively identified)

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19
Q

Name 2 key proteins that SARS-CoV-2 uses to infect the host ?

A
  1. angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
  2. Spike (S) protein
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20
Q

symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection ?

A
  • fever
  • cough
  • feeling tired or exhausted
  • aching body
  • headache
  • sore throat
  • blocked or runny nose
  • loss /change to sense of smell or taste
  • shortness of breath
  • loss of appetite
  • diarrhoea
  • feeling sick or being sick
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21
Q

Risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 infection ?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Chronic medical condition(s)
  • Immunocompromised/immunosuppressed
  • Malignancies (e.g. cancer)
  • Pregnancy
22
Q

Family and genus of measles ?

A

family = paramyxovirus
genus = morbillivirus

23
Q

Type of RNA virus that measles is ?

A

enveloped non-segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus

24
Q

Prevention for measles ?

A

vaccine

25
Q

Measles symptoms ?

A
  • 3 C’s: conjunctivits (pink eye), cough, coryza (running nose)
  • red rash
26
Q

Measles serious complications happen in which age range and what is involved in these ?

A
  • < 5 and > 30 year olds
  • blindness
  • encephalitis
  • severe diarrhoea -> dehydration
  • severe respiratory infections e.g. pneumonia
27
Q

Risk factors of measles

A
  • vitamin A deficiency
  • immunosuppressed / immunocompromised
28
Q

Tuberculosis (TB) cause

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria

Gram-positive-acid-fast bacterium

29
Q

Tuberculosis prevention ?

A

BCG vaccination

30
Q

Tuberculosis treatment ?

A

antibiotics -> multi-drug resistant TB is becoming a problem

31
Q

Bacteria causing whooping cough ?

A
  • bordetella pertussis
  • bordetella parapertussis
32
Q

Gram staining and shape of bacteria causing whooping cough ?

A
  • gram negative
  • coccobacillus

bordetella pertussis, bordetella parapertussis

33
Q

meaning of pertussis ?

A

violent cough

34
Q

Reservoir of whooping cough ?

A

human-restricted

35
Q

Risk factors of whooping cough ?

A
  • pregnancy
  • epidemic exposure
  • non-immunised
  • close contact with case (infected individual)
36
Q

diagnostic tests of whooping cough ?

A
  • culture from nasopharyngeal aspirate or swab
  • PCR (symptoms < 21 days)
  • serology (children > 16 and adults)
37
Q

Management of whooping cough ?

A
  • first line antibiotic treatment (unless contraindicated , macrolides (e.g. erythromycin, clarithromycin))
  • vaccination after recovery
  • contact tracing
  • self-care: rest, fluid intake, symptomatic pain relief
38
Q

First line antibiotic treatment for whooping cough unless contraindicated

(situation where particular treatment not recommended due to potential risks to patient) …?

A

macrolide

39
Q

Legionnaires’ disease caused by ?

A
  • legionella pneumophila
40
Q

Legionnaires’ disease caused by legionella pneumophila:
gram staining ?
bacteria shape ?

A
  • gram - negative , rod bacterium
41
Q

Legionnaires’ disease transmitted to humans as a ..1.. and no …2… transmission?

A
  1. humidified aerosol
  2. person to person
42
Q

laboratory testing for diagnosis of legionnaires’ disease ?

A
  • urine antigen test
  • sputum
43
Q

Infection of legionnaires’ disease caused by bacteria which thrives in what conditions ? like what ?

A

conditions: warm water and damp places
* hot tubs
* air-conditioning systems
* plumbing systems

44
Q

Symptoms for legionnaires’ disease similar to …1.. and can include ..2..

A
  1. a severe flu
  2. fever, chills, loss of appetite, headache, lethargy
45
Q

Treatment for legionnaires’ disease

A
  • antibiotics
  • no vaccine is currently available
46
Q

Prevention for legionnaires’ disease

A

water supply systems should be cooled below 20 C or heated below 60C

47
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) caused by ?

A

fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii

48
Q

fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii causes what ?

A

pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

49
Q

Risk factors of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) ?

A
  • immunocompromised (HIV/AIDS, cancer)
  • use of immunosuppressant drugs (e.g. corticosteroids)
  • chronic lung disease
  • autoimmune disease
  • severe malnutrition
50
Q

Pneumocystic pneumonia (PCP) diagnosis & treatment?

A
  • staining of sputum samples (cannot be cultured)
  • antibiotics

infection (33 decks)

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