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infection > 2.1 > Flashcards

2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

define disease

A

a condition that disturbs the normal functioning of the body

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2
Q

define illness

A

deterioration in the state of normal health (a disease may cause illness)

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3
Q

define pathogen

A

an infectious agent that causes disease or illness in a host

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4
Q

chemical barriers

A
  • lysozymes in saliva and tears
  • low pH in stomach, urinary tract, vagina
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5
Q

physical barriers

A
  • ciliated mucosa
  • GI tract mucosa
  • skin
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6
Q

list innate immune cells

A
  • mast cell
  • dendritic cell
  • macrophage
  • neutrophil
  • natural killer cell
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
  • complement protein
  • NK T cell (both innate and adaptive)
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7
Q

Infectious period can be split up into 5 categories , list them and what symptoms are like

A
  1. Incubation period - no signs or symptoms
  2. prodromal period - vague, general symptoms
  3. illness - most severe symptoms
  4. decline - declining symptoms
  5. convalescence - no signs or symptoms
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8
Q

Prolonged reactions can lead to what ?

A

chronic inflammation

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9
Q

Within 10 days what are 4 actions of the immune response ?

A
  1. recognition
  2. activation of mechanisms
  3. elimination the pathogen
  4. remember the specific pathogen
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10
Q

List 3 actions of the Innate immunity response

A

inflammatory signalling
phagocytosis
activation (of adaptive immune system)

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11
Q

What happens in inflammatory signalling in the innate immunity ?

A
  • production of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, plasma proteins)
  • increased blood flow to affected sites
  • infiltration of phagocytic cells
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12
Q

2 Purposes of phagocytosis in innate immune response

A
  • prevents antigens to other cells
  • eliminate waste
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13
Q

Innate immunity involves …. + …. response , …. memory

A
  • non-specific
  • fast (minutes to hours)
  • no
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14
Q

In innate immunity why are the receptors not modified by exposure to antigen ?

A

receptors are encoded in the germ line

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15
Q

Innate immunity:
* ….1… immunity to resist ….2…
* present from …..3…

A
  1. inbuilt
  2. infection
  3. birth
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16
Q

Innate immunity is triggered by receptors that bind ….?

A

non-host sequences of microorganisms

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17
Q

What is innate immunity NOT ?

A
  • specific for a particular microbe
  • enhanced by second exposure
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18
Q

Innate immunity:
* Involved in …1… and ….2….. of adaptive immune response
* ….3….. effective without …..4…. immunity

A
  1. triggering
  2. amplification
  3. poorly
  4. adaptive
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19
Q

5 features of adaptive immune response

A
  • specific
  • diverse
  • needs to be activated
  • memory
  • takes weeks
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20
Q

Comparison of Innate and adaptive immunity characteristics (specificity, time of response, involvement of memory, diveristy level)

A

I: non-specific, fast response, limited memory, low diversity
A: highly specific, slow response, memory, very high diversity

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21
Q

Compare the secreted molecule components of innate and adaptive immunity

A

I: complement, lectine
A: antibodies

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22
Q

Components of innate response immunity ?
Natural barriers ? Cells included ? [split Q to 2 !]

A
  • natural barriers: skin, mucosa, epithelia, antimicrobial molecules
  • phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), dendritic cells, natural killer cells, mast cells, innate lymphoid cells
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23
Q

adaptive immunity response components ?
* …. in epithelia & …… secreted on to epithelial surfaces

A
  • lymphocytes in epithelia, antibodies secreted on epithelial surfaces
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24
Q

PAMPs stands for what ?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

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25
Q

examples of bacterial PAMPs

A
  • peptidoglycan
  • lipopolysaccharide
  • lipoteichoic acid
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26
Q

2 examples of fungal PAMPs

A
  • flagella proteins
  • mannan
27
Q

example of viral PAMPs

A

viral DNA/RNA

28
Q

PRRs stands for ?

A

pathogen recognition receptor

29
Q

Which cells are phagocytic PRRs present ?

A
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basopbils
  • mast cells
30
Q

Which cells are signalling PRRs present ?

A
  • leukocytes
  • epithelial cells
  • endothelial cells
31
Q

What is the most important signalling PRR ?

A

toll-like receptor (TLR)

32
Q

A signalling PRR on a macrophage binds to bacteria with PAMP what does signalling PRR stimulate the release of ?

A

cytokines

33
Q

what does DAMPs stand for ?

A

Damage associated molecular patterns

34
Q

When are DAMPs released ?

A
  • from damaged or dying cells
  • due to trauma or an infection by a pathogen
35
Q

Once a DAMP is released from the cell what does it promote ?

A

a non-infectious inflammatory response by binding to a PRR

36
Q

Shape of nucleus of monocytes

A

kidney-shaped

37
Q

Monocytes
location:
* circulate in blood as ..1….
* leave circulation and enter tissues by ..2…
* become either …3…, ..4…, …5….

A
  1. monocytes
  2. diapedesis
  3. macrophage, dendritic cells, microglial cells
38
Q

what is diapedesis ?

A

monocyte squeezing out of vessel into tissue

39
Q

immune + cellular actions of monocytes

A

I: innate response to pathogens
C:
* phagocytosis
* antigen presentation
* production of inflammatory mediators
* recruitment of other immune cells

40
Q

Macrophages: location
* circulate in blood as ..1…
* reside in tissue as …2….
* macrophages in : liver (3) , lungs (4), brain (5)

A
  1. monocytes
  2. macrophages
  3. liver kupffer cells
  4. alveolar macrophages
  5. brain microglia
41
Q

macrophages are…
stimulated by …1….
activated by ….2…. by release o f…3….

activation is like traffic light

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. T-helper cells
  3. IFN-gamma
42
Q

Immune actions and cellular actions of macrophages

A

I: innate response to pathogens
C:
* phagocytosis
* antigen presentation
* production of inflammatory mediators (cytokines)
* recruitment of immune cells

43
Q

In phagocytosis what are the 2 different methods of interaction with pathogens ?

A
  • direct interaction - by recognition of PAMPs
  • indirect interaction - by recognition of opsonised microbes
44
Q

Macrophages recruit immune cells, list these cells

A
  • T cells
  • dendritic cells
  • NK cells
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
45
Q

pathway of WBC to monocyte, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, dendritic cell, macrophage

A
  1. multipotent haematopoietic stem cell
  2. lymphoid progenitor cell & myeloid progenitor cell
  3. myeloid -> myeloblast
  4. myeloblast -> monocyte, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil
  5. monocyte -> dendritic cell, macrophage
46
Q

Neutrophils location
* produced in ..1….
* travel to ..2… and …3….
* especially in ..4…., …5… tract, …..6…, …..7… nodes, …8…, ….9….

A
  1. bone marrow
  2. tissue
  3. lymph nodes
  4. Thymus
  5. GI
  6. spleen
  7. lymph
  8. ovaries
  9. uterus
47
Q

Immune actions of neutrophils ?

A
  • innate response to pathogens - first cells to reach site of inflammation
  • interface with adaptive immune response - travel to lymph nodes as antigen-presenting cell
48
Q

Activation of neutrophils includes?

A
  • drawn to site of inflammation by chemokines (include IL-8, IFN-gamma)
  • stimulated by cytokines
49
Q

cytokines involved in the stimulation of neutrophils

A
  • G-CSF
  • TNF (tumour necrosis factor)
  • LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
50
Q

cellular actions of neutrophils ?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • degranulation
  • antigen presentation
  • production of inflammatory mediators
51
Q

Production of inflammatory mediators of neutrophils involves production of what ?

A
  • granule proteins (released by degranulation)
  • reactive oxygen species
  • cytokines
  • neutrophil extracellular traps
  • extracellular vesicles
52
Q

List anti-microbial proteins neutrophils contain

A
  • defensins
  • myeloperoxidase
  • catalse
  • elastase
  • metalloproteinases
53
Q

what is neutropaenia ?

A

deficency of neutrophils

54
Q

6 causes of neutropaenia ?

A
  • medication (e.g. chemotherapy)
  • infection
  • bone marrow disorder
  • autoimmune disease
  • hepatitis
  • TB
55
Q

clinical features of neutropaenia

A
  • infection
  • fever
  • tachycardia
  • hypotension
56
Q

importance of chemotherapy alert card

A

complications of chemotherapy are potentially life threatening and include neutropaenic sepsis which is a medical emergency and must be treated urgently

57
Q

eosinophils: location
produced in …1…
found in …2…

A
  1. bone marrow
  2. connective tissue
58
Q

Which organs/ tissue are eosinophils especially found in ?

A
  • thymus
  • GI tract
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • ovaries
  • uterus
59
Q

Immune actions of eosinophils

A
  • allergic reactions (asthma, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis)
  • parasitic (helminth) infections
60
Q

cellular actions of eosinophils

A
  • degranulation
  • phagocytosis (less commonly)
  • trigger mast cell histamine release
  • production of inflammatory mediators
61
Q

What inflammatory mediators are produced by eosinophils ?

A
  • granule proteins (released by degranulation)
  • reactive oxygen species
  • cytokines
  • leukotrienes
  • prostaglandins
62
Q

How are eosinophils activated ?

A
  • IgA and IgG cross-linking
  • primed by a number of mediators
63
Q

Eosinophils are activated by being primed by a number of mediators which include what ?

A
  • IL-3
  • IL-5
  • GM-CSF
  • CC chemokines
  • platelet-activating factor
64
Q
A

infection (29 decks)

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