2.1 Flashcards
define disease
a condition that disturbs the normal functioning of the body
define illness
deterioration in the state of normal health (a disease may cause illness)
define pathogen
an infectious agent that causes disease or illness in a host
chemical barriers
- lysozymes in saliva and tears
- low pH in stomach, urinary tract, vagina
physical barriers
- ciliated mucosa
- GI tract mucosa
- skin
list innate immune cells
- mast cell
- dendritic cell
- macrophage
- neutrophil
- natural killer cell
- eosinophil
- basophil
- complement protein
- NK T cell (both innate and adaptive)
Infectious period can be split up into 5 categories , list them and what symptoms are like
- Incubation period - no signs or symptoms
- prodromal period - vague, general symptoms
- illness - most severe symptoms
- decline - declining symptoms
- convalescence - no signs or symptoms
Prolonged reactions can lead to what ?
chronic inflammation
Within 10 days what are 4 actions of the immune response ?
- recognition
- activation of mechanisms
- elimination the pathogen
- remember the specific pathogen
List 3 actions of the Innate immunity response
inflammatory signalling
phagocytosis
activation (of adaptive immune system)
What happens in inflammatory signalling in the innate immunity ?
- production of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, plasma proteins)
- increased blood flow to affected sites
- infiltration of phagocytic cells
2 Purposes of phagocytosis in innate immune response
- prevents antigens to other cells
- eliminate waste
Innate immunity involves …. + …. response , …. memory
- non-specific
- fast (minutes to hours)
- no
In innate immunity why are the receptors not modified by exposure to antigen ?
receptors are encoded in the germ line
Innate immunity:
* ….1… immunity to resist ….2…
* present from …..3…
- inbuilt
- infection
- birth
Innate immunity is triggered by receptors that bind ….?
non-host sequences of microorganisms
What is innate immunity NOT ?
- specific for a particular microbe
- enhanced by second exposure
Innate immunity:
* Involved in …1… and ….2….. of adaptive immune response
* ….3….. effective without …..4…. immunity
- triggering
- amplification
- poorly
- adaptive
5 features of adaptive immune response
- specific
- diverse
- needs to be activated
- memory
- takes weeks
Comparison of Innate and adaptive immunity characteristics (specificity, time of response, involvement of memory, diveristy level)
I: non-specific, fast response, limited memory, low diversity
A: highly specific, slow response, memory, very high diversity
Compare the secreted molecule components of innate and adaptive immunity
I: complement, lectine
A: antibodies
Components of innate response immunity ?
Natural barriers ? Cells included ? [split Q to 2 !]
- natural barriers: skin, mucosa, epithelia, antimicrobial molecules
- phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), dendritic cells, natural killer cells, mast cells, innate lymphoid cells
adaptive immunity response components ?
* …. in epithelia & …… secreted on to epithelial surfaces
- lymphocytes in epithelia, antibodies secreted on epithelial surfaces
PAMPs stands for what ?
pathogen associated molecular patterns
examples of bacterial PAMPs
- peptidoglycan
- lipopolysaccharide
- lipoteichoic acid
2 examples of fungal PAMPs
- flagella proteins
- mannan
example of viral PAMPs
viral DNA/RNA
PRRs stands for ?
pathogen recognition receptor
Which cells are phagocytic PRRs present ?
- macrophages
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basopbils
- mast cells
Which cells are signalling PRRs present ?
- leukocytes
- epithelial cells
- endothelial cells
What is the most important signalling PRR ?
toll-like receptor (TLR)
A signalling PRR on a macrophage binds to bacteria with PAMP what does signalling PRR stimulate the release of ?
cytokines
what does DAMPs stand for ?
Damage associated molecular patterns
When are DAMPs released ?
- from damaged or dying cells
- due to trauma or an infection by a pathogen
Once a DAMP is released from the cell what does it promote ?
a non-infectious inflammatory response by binding to a PRR
Shape of nucleus of monocytes
kidney-shaped
Monocytes
location:
* circulate in blood as ..1….
* leave circulation and enter tissues by ..2…
* become either …3…, ..4…, …5….
- monocytes
- diapedesis
- macrophage, dendritic cells, microglial cells
what is diapedesis ?
monocyte squeezing out of vessel into tissue
immune + cellular actions of monocytes
I: innate response to pathogens
C:
* phagocytosis
* antigen presentation
* production of inflammatory mediators
* recruitment of other immune cells
Macrophages: location
* circulate in blood as ..1…
* reside in tissue as …2….
* macrophages in : liver (3) , lungs (4), brain (5)
- monocytes
- macrophages
- liver kupffer cells
- alveolar macrophages
- brain microglia
macrophages are…
stimulated by …1….
activated by ….2…. by release o f…3….
activation is like traffic light
- neutrophils
- T-helper cells
- IFN-gamma
Immune actions and cellular actions of macrophages
I: innate response to pathogens
C:
* phagocytosis
* antigen presentation
* production of inflammatory mediators (cytokines)
* recruitment of immune cells
In phagocytosis what are the 2 different methods of interaction with pathogens ?
- direct interaction - by recognition of PAMPs
- indirect interaction - by recognition of opsonised microbes
Macrophages recruit immune cells, list these cells
- T cells
- dendritic cells
- NK cells
- basophils
- eosinophils
pathway of WBC to monocyte, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, dendritic cell, macrophage
- multipotent haematopoietic stem cell
- lymphoid progenitor cell & myeloid progenitor cell
- myeloid -> myeloblast
- myeloblast -> monocyte, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil
- monocyte -> dendritic cell, macrophage
Neutrophils location
* produced in ..1….
* travel to ..2… and …3….
* especially in ..4…., …5… tract, …..6…, …..7… nodes, …8…, ….9….
- bone marrow
- tissue
- lymph nodes
- Thymus
- GI
- spleen
- lymph
- ovaries
- uterus
Immune actions of neutrophils ?
- innate response to pathogens - first cells to reach site of inflammation
- interface with adaptive immune response - travel to lymph nodes as antigen-presenting cell
Activation of neutrophils includes?
- drawn to site of inflammation by chemokines (include IL-8, IFN-gamma)
- stimulated by cytokines
cytokines involved in the stimulation of neutrophils
- G-CSF
- TNF (tumour necrosis factor)
- LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
cellular actions of neutrophils ?
- phagocytosis
- degranulation
- antigen presentation
- production of inflammatory mediators
Production of inflammatory mediators of neutrophils involves production of what ?
- granule proteins (released by degranulation)
- reactive oxygen species
- cytokines
- neutrophil extracellular traps
- extracellular vesicles
List anti-microbial proteins neutrophils contain
- defensins
- myeloperoxidase
- catalse
- elastase
- metalloproteinases
what is neutropaenia ?
deficency of neutrophils
6 causes of neutropaenia ?
- medication (e.g. chemotherapy)
- infection
- bone marrow disorder
- autoimmune disease
- hepatitis
- TB
clinical features of neutropaenia
- infection
- fever
- tachycardia
- hypotension
importance of chemotherapy alert card
complications of chemotherapy are potentially life threatening and include neutropaenic sepsis which is a medical emergency and must be treated urgently
eosinophils: location
produced in …1…
found in …2…
- bone marrow
- connective tissue
Which organs/ tissue are eosinophils especially found in ?
- thymus
- GI tract
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- ovaries
- uterus
Immune actions of eosinophils
- allergic reactions (asthma, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis)
- parasitic (helminth) infections
cellular actions of eosinophils
- degranulation
- phagocytosis (less commonly)
- trigger mast cell histamine release
- production of inflammatory mediators
What inflammatory mediators are produced by eosinophils ?
- granule proteins (released by degranulation)
- reactive oxygen species
- cytokines
- leukotrienes
- prostaglandins
How are eosinophils activated ?
- IgA and IgG cross-linking
- primed by a number of mediators
Eosinophils are activated by being primed by a number of mediators which include what ?
- IL-3
- IL-5
- GM-CSF
- CC chemokines
- platelet-activating factor
