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infection > 6 Gastrointestinal Infections CONDITIONS > Flashcards

6 Gastrointestinal Infections CONDITIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Common oral infections list 7

A
  • dental caries (tooth decay)
  • gingivitis - inflammation of the gums
  • periodontitis - inflammation of gums resulting in separation from teeth
  • oral herpes - blisters on soft tissues
  • oral thrush - fungal infection
  • hand, foot and mouth disease
  • herpangina
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2
Q

Causative agent of dental decay

A

streptococcus mutans

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3
Q

symptoms of dental decay.

A
  • toothache
  • tooth sensitivity
  • grey, brown or black spots
  • bad breath
  • unpleasant taste
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4
Q

what is gingivitis ?

A

inflammation of the gums

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5
Q

causative agents of gingivitis

A
  • Streptococcus mutans
  • Actinomyces viscosus
  • Veillonella species
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6
Q

symptoms of ginigivitis

A
  • swollen or puffy gums
  • gums that bleed easily
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7
Q

what is periodonitis?

A

inflammation of gums resulting in separation from teeth

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8
Q

causative agents of periodonitis

A
  • Treponema denticola &
  • Porphyromonas gingivalis
  • Actinobacillus
    actinomycetemcomitans
    (juvenile periodontitis)
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9
Q

symptoms of periodonitis

A
  • swollen or puffy gums
  • bright red, dark red or dark purple
    gums
  • pus between teeth and gums
  • loose teeth or loss of teeth
  • receding gums.
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10
Q

Causative agents of oral herpes

A

herpes simplex virus

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11
Q

oral herpes symptoms ?

A
  • fever
  • sore throat
  • lymphadenopathy
  • pain, burning, tingling, itching
  • lip ulcer
  • mouth ulcer
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12
Q

causative agents of oral thrush

A

Candida albicans

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13
Q

oral thrush symptoms ?

A
  • white patches in mouth or on tongue
  • cracks at the corners of the mouth
  • altered sense of taste
  • bad taste in mouth
  • sore tongue or gums
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14
Q

causative agents of hand, foot & mouth disease

A
  • Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16)
  • Enterovirus 71 (EV71)
  • Coxsackievirus A6 (CA6; adults)
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15
Q

symptoms of hand, foot & mouth disease

A
  • sore throat
  • fever
  • not wanting to eat
  • mouth ulcers
  • raised rash of spots on hands & feet
    (buttocks and genitalia)
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16
Q

causative agents of herpangina

A
  • Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16)
  • Coxsackievirus A serotypes
    Coxsackievirus B (serotypes 1-5
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17
Q

symptoms of herpangina ?

A
  • fever
  • headache
  • loss of appetite
  • sore throat.
  • sores or blisters (ulcers) in the mouth
    and throat
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18
Q

Rotavirus:
1. family
2. RNA virus type
3. nucleocapsid shape

A
  1. reovirdidea
  2. non-enveloped ds segmented
  3. icosahedral
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19
Q

Rotavirus:
1. common infections (more so in who)
2. major cause of …
3. contagious status ? transmission method ?
4. incubation days
5. lasts days

A
  1. asymptomatic (breast-fed babies)
  2. diarrhoea in children
  3. highly contagious : faecal-oral
  4. 1-3
  5. 4-8
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20
Q

Rotavirus prevention of infection ?

A

2 live-attenuated vaccines (UK - Rotarix, EU, USA - Rotateq)

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21
Q

Vaccination routine for rotavirus in UK that was introduced in UK consists of what programme ?

A

2 doses :
one at 8 and 12 weeks of age

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22
Q

which cells of proximal small intestine can rotavirus infect? resulting in what ?

A

villus cells, replication with and lyses cells

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23
Q

Rotavirus infection :
…1… of carbohydrates and nutrients (so build up in lumen) . Vomiting followed by ..2.. (no ..3..) .

…4… and hospitalisation common in …5.. children

A
  1. imparied absorption
  2. diarrhoea
  3. blood
  4. dehydration
  5. young children
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24
Q

Diagnosis of rotavirus infection ?

A

EIA antigen in stool (infection can be established via genome amplification or ELISA)

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25
Q

management of rotavirus infection ?

A

primarily to overcome the effects of water and electrolyte imbalance

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26
Q

Symptoms of rotavirus infection principally induced by ?

A

viral enterotoxin NSP4

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27
Q

How are rotavirus infections treated ?

A

with oral rehydration or IV

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28
Q

Norovirus:
1. type of virus ?
2. nucleocapsid shape ?

A
  1. non-enveloped ss non-segmented RNA virus
  2. isochedra nucleocapsid
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29
Q

Ingestion of norovirus infection of food/water leads to ?

A

local infection and inflammation in proximal small intestine

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30
Q

Incubation & lasting period of norovirus

A
  1. incubtion = 24 - 48 hrs
  2. lasts = 12-60 hrs
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31
Q

Age population infected by norovirus

A

older children and adults

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32
Q

specificity and limitation of norovirus ?

A

non-specific, self-limiting

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33
Q

what outbreaks occur with norovirus ?

A
  • large water-borne
  • food-borne
  • faecal-oral
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34
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of norovirus ?

A

diagnosis = no commercial tests
treatment = supportive (oral rehydration )

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35
Q

poliovirus family ?
what else does it include ?

A

picornaviridae

hepatitis A , enteroviruses

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36
Q

RNA virus type of poliovirus ?

A

non-enveloped single strand

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37
Q

What’s the potentially disbaling and life-threatening condition that poliovirus lead to ?

A

poliomyelitis

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38
Q

what will most people who get infected wtih poliobirus not have ?

A

any visible symptoms

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39
Q

About 1/4 people with poliovirus infection will have flu-like symptoms that includes what ?

A
  • headache
  • fever
  • sore throat
  • stomach pain
  • nausea
  • tiredness
40
Q

flu-like symptoms that 1/4 people have usually lasts how long and then what happens ?

A

2 to 5 days
then resolve

41
Q

watery diarrhoea bacterial gastroenteritis pathogens ?

A

305 salmon + Bats + Sheep (305 = CCCV)

Campulobacter jejuni
Clostridium difficle
Clostridium perfringens
vibrio cholera

salmonella spp
Bacillus ceres
Staphylococcus aurues

42
Q

dysentery bacterial gastroenteritis pathogens ?

A

sick cats can’t sleep

Shighella spp
campylobacter spp
clostridium difficile
salmonella spp

43
Q

which 2 bacteria can cause either watery diarrhoea or dysentery ?

A

clostridium difficile
salmonella spp

44
Q

which E.coli strains results in watery diarrhoea ?

A

enteroxigenic & enteropathogenic

45
Q

which E.coli strains result in dysentery ?

A

enteroinvasive & enterohaemorragic

46
Q

Does yesernia enterocolitica result in watery diarrhoea or dysentery ?

A

dysentery

47
Q

which vibrio result in :
1. watery diarrhoea
2. dysentery

A
  1. vibrio cholera
  2. vibrio parahaemolyticus
48
Q

list some bacterial causes of gastroenteritis:

A
  • clostridium difficile
  • listeria monocytogenes
  • campylobacter jejuni
  • bacillus cereus
49
Q

clostridium difficile risk factors

A

CHAPPIE 65

Certain medical conditions
History of C.diff infection
Antibiotic
PPI use or other acid-suppressive drugs
Prolonged hospitalisation / residence at nursing home
Immunocompromised
Exposure to infected persons
65 yrs < Age

50
Q

What are the main toxins produced by Clostridium difficile and what are their effects?

A

A-enterotoxin
B-cytotoxin

51
Q

What is the role of B-cytotoxin in Clostridium difficile infections?

A

cytotoxic to epithelial cells

leading to the formation of pseudomembranes

which are discrete yellow-white plaques that can be easily dislodged

52
Q

How does A-enterotoxin produced by Clostridium difficile affect the body?

A

alters fluid secretion in the intestines, which causes watery diarrhea

53
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is uncommon but ….?

A

underdiagnosed

54
Q

Listeria monocytogenes risk factors ?

A

BIND > 65

Being pregnant
Immunosuppressed / immunocompromised
Newborn babies
Diabetes mellitus
> 65 years of age

55
Q

sources of contamination of listeria monocytogenes ?

A

IF CUP

Food items:
* soft-cheese blue veined & mould-ripened e.g. camembert , brie
* pâté

Cooked:
* cooked sliced meats & cured meats
* cooked shellfish & smoked fish

Pre-prepared:
* sandwiches & salads
* some fruit including melon slices

Unpasteurised:
* milk
* dairy products from unpasteurised milk

56
Q

campylobacter jejuni results from ingestion of ?

A

contaminated food/water

57
Q

campylobacter jejuni symptoms may include ?

A
  • diarrhoea (often bloody)
  • Fever
  • stomach cramps
  • Nausea and vomiting
58
Q

After person ingests Campylobacter:
1. symptoms usually start
2. symptoms last about

A
  1. 2 to 5 days after ingestion period
  2. one week
59
Q

Transmission of campylobacter jejuni from ?

A

eating contaminated foods or untreated water e.g. poultry (raw or uncooked), seafood

60
Q

What are the two syndromes caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with Bacillus cereus?

A

vomiting syndrome (emetic illness) and the diarrhoeal syndrome

61
Q

What symptoms are associated with the vomiting syndrome (emetic illness) caused by Bacillus cereus?

A

vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea

62
Q

What are the symptoms of the diarrhoeal syndrome caused by Bacillus cereus?

A

diarrhea (which can contain blood and/or mucus), nausea, and abdominal pain

63
Q

How are the spores of Bacillus cereus characterized in terms of their resistance?

A

resistant to heat and desiccation (extreme drying)

64
Q

What is the usual course of an infection caused by Bacillus cereus? meaning what ?

A

usually self-limiting therefore usually resolves on its own without requiring extensive medical treatment

65
Q

From which sources can Bacillus cereus be isolated during an infection?

A

food, stool, or vomit

66
Q

Where is Bacillus cereus commonly found?

A

soil, on vegetables, and in many raw and processed foods

67
Q

List the helminthic infections that can cause gastrointestinal infections

A
  • Nematodes (roundworms)
  • Enterobius vermicularis (thread/pin worm)
  • Trematodes (flukes)
  • cestodes (tapeworms)
  • Taenia spp. (flatworms cestoda)
68
Q

Most common nematodes list 4 :

A

Trich Trich got long Ascar from a strong sterile hook

Trichuris Trichiura
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides sterocoralis
hookworms

69
Q

Infections of nematodes (roundworms) include what ?

A

THE SAD FAT

Trichuriasis
Hookworm
Enterobiasis

Strongyloidiasis
Angiostrongyliasis
Dirofilariasis

Filariasis
Ascariasis
Trichinosis

70
Q

Transmission for nematodes (roundworms) includes what ?

A
  • ingestion of eggs that have matured in soil
  • eggs hatch in soil and larvae penetrate skin directly
71
Q

Treatment for nematodes (roundworms) ?

A
  • cheap, effective and safe treatments available
  • mass treatment programmes
72
Q

Worm type of enterobius vermicularis ?

A

threadworm or pinworm

73
Q

Enterobius vermicularis
1. is it common in UK?
2. age range affected ?

A
  1. yes
  2. children < 10 years
74
Q

How are Enterobius vermicularis ova transferred to new hosts?

A

Ova are transferred from the perianal area to fomites, where they can survive for a long time. These ova can then be ingested by a new host

best way to remember = person using a towel to wipe perianal area then someone else using same towel to dry face

75
Q

What is a common route of transmission for Enterobius vermicularis?

A

hand-to-mouth contact

76
Q

Can Enterobius vermicularis cause auto-infestation?

auto-infestation = process by which organism becomes infested with parasites from its own species, individual may inadvertently reinfect themselves

A

Yes, auto-infestation can occur when individuals reinfect themselves by ingesting eggs from their own perianal area

77
Q

What are some symptoms of Enterobius vermicularis infection?

A

perianal irritation
weight loss
bed-wetting

78
Q

What are some common intermediate hosts for trematodes?

A

a range of intermediate hosts, including:

  • other mammals
  • freshwater snails
  • possibly other organisms in their life cycle
79
Q

What is the primary cause of inflammatory responses in humans infected with trematodes?

A

typically triggered by either the eggs or the adult worms of the trematodes

80
Q

How many people globally are estimated to be infected with trematodes? give an estimate

A

40-50 million people

81
Q

How are trematodes primarily transmitted to humans?

A

ingestion of contaminated food and water that contains or consists of the second intermediate hosts, such as vegetation, snails, and fish.

82
Q

Name some common species of trematodes that infect humans

A

My heterophy heterophy echoes fast buses

  • Metagonimus yokogawai
  • Heterophyes heterophyes
  • Echinostoma spp
  • Fasciolopsis buski
83
Q

What is the range of sizes for cestodes, or tapeworms?

A

few milimeters to several meters

84
Q

How do tapeworms attach themselves to the intestines of their host?

A

To intestines of their host using suckers

85
Q

What are proglottids, and where are they located on a tapeworm?

A

they are segments that arise from the anterior region of a tapeworm

They contain eggs and are shed from the mature tapeworm’s body.

86
Q

How are tapeworm eggs typically released into the environment?

A

Faeces of host

87
Q

What happens to eggs released by tapeworms ?

A

Egss released into faces and consumed by intermediate hosts, but eventually consumed by host (e.g. cattle pigs)

88
Q

How do humans develop an infection usually of a single tapework ?

A

they consume undercooked meat

89
Q

Why is it important to cook meat thoroughly to prevent tapeworm infection?

A

Cooking meat thoroughly kills the tapeworm larvae, preventing them from infecting humans who consume the meat

90
Q

What are the common species of Taenia that infect humans through consumption of contaminated meat?
1. from beef
2. from pork
3. from fish

A
  1. Taenia saginata
  2. Taenia solium
  3. Diphyllobothrium latum
91
Q
  1. How do pigs or cattle become infected with Taenia cysts?
  2. what hapeens to Taenia larvae after they are ingested by pigs or cattle ?
A
  1. ingestion of taenia cysts that are present in human faeces
  2. larvae develop in digestive system of pigs or cattle, the migrate to their muscle tissues where they encyst (surround itself in protective cyst/capsule)
92
Q

How do humans become infected with Taenia larvae?

A

consuming meat or fish that contains Taenia larvae within cysts

93
Q

What are the potential health consequences for humans infected with Taenia?

A

nutritional deficiencies
& intense infestations can lead to intestinal blockage.

94
Q

What role do cysts play in the life cycle of Taenia?

A

They contain larvae which is essential for transmitting Taenia from intermediate hosts (e.g. pigs, cattle, fish) to humans

95
Q

protozoal infections …

A

infection (33 decks)

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