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infection > 5 Infection of respiratory system > Flashcards

5 Infection of respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Before reaching the lungs what does the upper respiratory tract do to air ?

A
  • filters
  • heats
  • humidifies
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2
Q

list 5 cells of the nasal cavity

A
  • ciliated epithelial
  • basal epithelia
  • M cells
  • goblet cells
  • dendritic cells
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3
Q

function of ciliated epithelial cells

A

transport of mucus

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4
Q

function of basal epithelia cells

A

Attaches the epithelium to basement membrane

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5
Q

function of M cells

A

antigen/pathogen sampling
mucosal immunity

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6
Q

function of goblet cells

A

mucin secretion

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7
Q

function of dendritic cells

A

antigen presenting cells
antigen processing

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8
Q

3 Functions of lower respiratory tract (LRT)?

A
  • takes in air from URT
  • absorbs oxygen
  • releases carbon dioxide
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9
Q

components of URT ?

URT = upper respiratory tract

A
  • sinuses
  • pharynx
  • larynx (above vocal cords)
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10
Q

Components of LRT ?

LRT = lower respiratory tract

A
  • larynx (below vocal cords)
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
  • diaphragm
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11
Q

List the approx 7 barriers that URT has for forign particles (including pathogens)

A
  • nasal hair (filtering of dust, pollen etc.)
  • Mucus
  • Mucociliary clearance
  • Surfactant proteins
  • Microbiota
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Secretory IgA antibodies
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12
Q

URT has distinct …1.. structures with different …2.. cell types

A
  1. anatomical
  2. epithelial
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13
Q

URT provides ..1…. that are colonised by ..2… species (bacteria, fungi, viruses)

A
  1. micro-niches
  2. different microbial
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14
Q

Aerosal transmission of pathogens:
* pathogens in expiration
* enter resp tract of ..2.. individuals through …3…

A
  1. susceptible
  2. inhalation
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15
Q

3 ways pathogens enter resp tract during inhalation of susceptible individuals ?

A
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • vocalising (talking, singing, shouting)
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16
Q

Overview of aerosal transmission of pathogens include 3 phases, what are these phases ?

A
  1. generation and exhalation
  2. transport
  3. inhalation, deposition and infection
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17
Q

Which microorganisms travels the most furthest and least furthers metres ?
viruses, bacteria, mycelia, mycoplasma, yeasts, eukaryotic cells

A
  • viruses = 0.05 - 0.1µm
  • mycelia = 100 µm - several metres
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18
Q

Difference between aerosol and droplets with:
1. travel distance ?
2. float in air / fall to ground , time takes , can / can’t be inhaled
3. < or > µm
4. contaminating surfaces ?

A

A:
1. within and beyond 1 meter
2. float for hours & be inhaled
3. < 5 µm
4. no mention of contaminate surfaces

D:
1. less than 1 meter
2. fall to ground, under 5 seconds, can’t be inhaled
3. > 100 µn
4. can contaminates surfaces (fomites)

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19
Q

In the first few hours of life how much microbiota do neonates acquire ?

A

a wide range

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20
Q

Neonates acquire abundance of following microbiota in first few hours and first week of life , name 4 examples …

A

** Staphylococcus spp. e.g. S. epidermidis*

** Corynebacterium spp. e.g. C. accolens*

** Dolosigranulum spp.*

** Moraxella spp.*

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21
Q

Early presence of which 3 microbiota at 4-6 months of age correlates with respiratory health ?

A
  • Corynebacterium spp
  • Dolosigranulum spp
  • Morexalla spp
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22
Q

Name some featal factors which influence the respiratory microbiome in neonates

A
  • birth mode
  • feeding type
  • siblings
  • daycare
  • season
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23
Q

Name some maternal/environmental factors which influence the respiratory microbiome in neonates

A
  • genetics
  • vaccination
  • infection
  • antibiotics
  • smoking
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24
Q

Colonisation of URT in early life:

  1. In first week to 2 months of life what colonisation occurs
A

hypo-pharynx

(lower part of throat right behind the larynx, entrance into the oesophagus)

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25
Q

name 3 bacteria which colonise the hypo-pharynx region during first week to 2 months of early life

A
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
  • staphylococcus aureus
  • moraxella catarrhalis
26
Q

Colonisation of URT in early life:

  1. from 3-6 months what colonisation occurs
A

nasal cavity

27
Q

name some bacteria which colonise the nasal cavity during first 3-6 months of early life

A
  • streptococcus
28
Q

Colonisation of URT in early life:

  1. from 12 months > what colonisation occurs
A

nasal cavity

29
Q

name some bacteria which colonise the nasal cavity during first 12 months > of early life

A
  • corynebacterium
  • bifidobacterium
  • dolosigranulum

(Imagine a baby named ‘‘Cory” dancing on the sand that’s shaped like $ dollors $ and the baby has bifocal glasses)

30
Q

Several species of bacteria that ..1.. the URT can , under certain …2…, lead to …3..

A
  1. colonise
  2. circumstances
  3. infection
31
Q

List 7 bacteria species that can colonise the URT and lead to infection under certain circumstances

A
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Streptococcus penumoniae
  • Streptococcus pyrogenes
  • Streptococcus agalactiae
  • Streptococcus anginosus
32
Q

From some of the bacteria that colonise the URT which can lead to infection, which ones have protection with childhood vaccinations ?

A
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b
  • Streptococcus penumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
33
Q

Name some common infections of URT

A
  • sinusitis
  • common cold
  • epiglottitis
  • laryngitis
  • pharyngitis
    [* nasopharyngitis ?]
34
Q

What diagnosis are done for the infections of URT ?

A
  • examinations of nose, ears, throat
  • breathing (to determine if infection in LRT)
35
Q

% of adult colds that are of unknown causative agent ?

A

20-30

36
Q

Name 4 viruses that can cause common cold

A
  • rhinoviruses
  • coronaviruses
  • parainfluenza virus
  • respiratory syncytial virus
37
Q

Bacteria that cuases epiglottitis ?

A
  • haemophilus influenzae type b
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
  • streptococcus A, B, C
  • staphylococcus aureus
38
Q

Microbiome of LRT composed of … list 4 ?

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • bacteriophages
  • fungi
39
Q

In the microbiome of LRT what is not well characterised ?

A
  • virome
  • mycobiome
40
Q

Give some examples of fungi found in the microbiome of the LRT [other examples]

A
  • aspergillus
  • penicillum
  • candida
  • eurotium
41
Q

Some examples of natural defenses against infection in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) [might need to change ?]

A
  1. mucus membranes line the trachea, bronchi & bronchioles
  2. alveolar macrophages
  3. IgA within the mucus
  4. Lower respiratory tract generally lacks micro-organisms
42
Q

LRT microbial populations primary enter the lungs through…?

A

mucosal dispersion and micro-aspiration from the URT

43
Q

Lung microbiota is largely similar to …?

A

URT microbiome

44
Q

main / likely source of microbiota in the following :
1. adults ?
2. children ?

A
  1. Oropharynx
  2. Oropharynx & nasopharynx
45
Q

Gut-lung axis provides ..1.. communication between …2…

A
  1. bidirectional
  2. gut and lungs
46
Q

Interactions of gut-lung axis ?

A
  • host-microbe
  • microbe-microbe
47
Q

In the Gut-lung axis involves disruption of early life microbiome (e.g. antibiotics) is associate with what … ?

A

allergies and lung infections

48
Q

Gut microbiota is implicated in ..1.. and …2… of systemic immunity

A
  1. regulation
  2. maintenance
49
Q

4 types of respiratory defence mechanisms

A
  • physical & physiological barriers
  • mechanical
  • immunological
  • other
50
Q

examples of defence mechanisms of physical & physiological barriers

A
  • hair in nares (opening of nose)
  • glottis
  • tight junctions
  • mucociliary apparatus
  • alveolar surfactant
51
Q

Physical & physiological barriers are impaired by ?

A
  • cigarette smoke
  • corrosive gases
52
Q

Examples of mechanical defense mechanisms

A
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • reflex broncho-constriction
  • gag reflex
53
Q

Mechanical defence mechanism is impaired by ?

A
  • anaesthesia
  • neuromuscular disorders
  • coma
54
Q

Examples of immunological defence mechanisms ?

A
  • innate immune activation (e.g. alveola macrophages)
  • AMPs
  • activation of complement
  • APC
  • lymphocyte recruitment
55
Q

Immunological defence mechanism impaired by ?

A

alcohol, tobacco

56
Q

Example of defence mechanism that isn’t physical & physiological barrier, mechanical, immunological

A

salivary enzymes

57
Q

3 infections of the LRT ?

A
  • bronchitis - bronchi inflammation
  • bronchiolitis - bronchioles inflammation
  • Pneumonia - lung parenchyma inflammation
58
Q

3 features of Bronchitis
* self-limiting/not self limiting
* generally affected pathogen…
* diagnosis usually….

A
  • self-limiting
  • generally viral
  • diagnosis usually clinical
59
Q

3 features of bronchiolitis
* hosptilisations of which age group…
* virus causing it…
* majority of cases are …

A
  • infant hospitalisations
  • respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • majority of cases self-limiting
60
Q

3 features of pneumonia (lung parenchyma inflammation)
* caused by ….
* classifed depeding on source of infection how ?

A
  • caused by a range of pathogens
  • community-acquired
  • nosocomial (hospital-acquired)

infection (29 decks)

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