Inflammation and Repair

Question 1

what is basic to human life?

Answer 1

inflammation and the inflammatory process

Question 2

define inflammation

Answer 2

reaction of lung tissues to all forms of injury

Question 3

what is inflammation normally associated with?

Answer 3

pain

Question 4

what systems does inflammation involve and where at?

Answer 4

vascular, neurological, humoral and cellular responses at the site of injury

Question 5

what does the inflammatory process destroy and what does it contain to pave the way for repair?

Answer 5

destroys and dilutes or contains the injurous agent to pave the way for repair

Question 6

what is humoral response?

Answer 6

blood flow carries the immune response in it

Question 7

3 functions of the vascular response (acute inflammatory)

Answer 7

1. increase permeability of Blood vessels
2. outflow of plasma and protein into tissue
3. WBC and immune cells mass at site of injury

Question 8

what is exudate?

Answer 8

mixture of plasma, proteins and white blood cells

Question 9

what reactions are exudate reactions?

Answer 9

acute inflammatory reactions

Question 10

is the acute inflammatory response always the same now matter what the source of injury to the body?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

what are the 2 parts to acute inflammatory response

Answer 11

1. vascular changes

2. WBC changes

Question 12

not good blood flow means ______ which leads to _______ and not good protection against infection

Answer 12

not a good inflammatory response

not a good immune response

Question 13

define: molecular sieving

Answer 13

the worse the injury the bigger the gap between endothelial cells which means more protein molecules in the exudate

Question 14

what are the 8 steps to vascular changes

Answer 14

1. very short vasoconstriction at site of injury (nervous reflex)
2. Vasodilation
3. increased blood flow to area of injury also known as hyperemia
4. increased permeability to blood vessel
5. leakage of plasma and protein from blood vessels
6. remaining part of blood becomes more concentrated
7. white blood cells move to walls of blood vessels at the site of injury
8. white blood cells move through blood vessel walls and out into the site of injury

Question 15

define sludging

Answer 15

blood thickening in the vessels (clotting)

Question 16

define pavementing

Answer 16

the adherence to the inner walls of the vessels

Question 17

define emigration

Answer 17

white blood cells able to move through blood vessel walls and out into the site of injury

Question 18

what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation and characteristics

Answer 18

1. redness: due to hyperemia
2. swelling: increase fluid in tissues
3. heat: increase blood flow to tissues
4. pain: chemicals released at site of injury
5. loss of function: damage at site of injury

Question 19

what are the 2 mediators of the vascular response

Answer 19

1. chemicals: seratonin, histamine, and compliment

2. nerves

Question 20

how do the white blood cells move during emigration

Answer 20

move on their own due to ameboid movement on pseudopods (false feet)

Question 21

define chemotaxis or leukotaxis

Answer 21

chemical homing signals produced in the body that draws WBC to site of injury

Question 22

what is commonly used to control inflammation

Answer 22

steroids

Question 23

what effect do steroids have on the inflammatory response

Answer 23

causes it to not respond as well

Question 24

what is most active in the WBC and are the first to be seen in the tissue at the site of inflammation

Answer 24

neutrophils

Question 25

what is the second active level seen in WBC?

Answer 25

monocytes

Question 26

what is a major indicator of whether an inflammatory process is acute or chronic?

Answer 26

examine the most numerous white blood cells seen at the white blood cells seen.

Question 27

is chronic inflammation good?

Answer 27

no; it is proliferative

Question 28

in chronic inflammation what is present in the White Blood Cells?

Answer 28

lymphocyte and plasma cells are most numerously present

Question 29

what are the two basic types of repair?

Answer 29

1. replacement with like tissue (parenchymal tissue)

2. replacement with fibrous connective tissue (scar)

Question 30

Parenchymal Regeneration: in humans, all cells are divided into 1 of 3 different types:

Answer 30

1. labile cells: skin, mucosa, bone marrow, lymphatic tissue
2. stable cells: retain ability to replicate but usually don’t (liver, salivary glands, glandular tissue)
3. permanent cells: nervous/muscle tissue

Question 31

what repair mechanism is more common in humans?

Answer 31

repair with fibrous connective tissue

Question 32

what are the 2 types of CT repair?

Answer 32

1. healing by primary intention

2. healing by secondary intention

Question 33

characteristics of healing by primary intention

Answer 33

happens when edges of wound are in a close approximation
sutures can pull would together to make it smaller
known as a clean wound and heals fast

Question 34

define organization of wound

Answer 34

blood clot turns into high vascular connective tissue

Question 35

characteristics of healing by secondary intention

Answer 35

happens when edges of a wound cannot be brought together
tissue is lost from wound
wound fills with granulation tissue as a way of repairing the damage from bottom to top
much slower than primary intention b/c its an open wound
considered its a dirty wound
longer inflammatory response

Question 36

define wound contration

Answer 36

• contraction of fibroblasts with in granulation tissue and pulls the wound together reducing the size of the wound
• if at a joint it can cause it to become stiff due to inflammation and less functional