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Pathology > Disorders of Respiratory & Endocrine System > Flashcards

Disorders of Respiratory & Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what is a pulmonary embolism

A

embolism forms in on location and travels through circulatory system to another location where it causes obstruction

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2
Q

what is the most common embolism? most commonly seen?

A

blood clot; usual location of formation is in the legs

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3
Q

what is SIDS? why does it happen?

A

sudden infant death syndrome

happens because of defect in respiratory drive of infant

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4
Q

what age does SIDS happen?

A

2-4 months

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5
Q

what is COPD? what do these people have problems with

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

problems with resistance to exhaling air

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6
Q

who commonly has COPD?

A

smokers; not common in people who don’t smoke

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7
Q

2 diseases associated with COPD

A
  1. chronic bronchitis

2. emphysema

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8
Q

what is chronic bronchitis? what part of body does it deal with?

A

-nothing to do with the lungs
-disease of airway/air passages leading to the lungs
-

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9
Q

what does chronic inflammation cause in chronic bronchitis

A

causes reduction in size (diameter) of bronchial passages and increased mucous secretions

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10
Q

symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A

coughing up mucous

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11
Q

what is a productive cough

A

coughing up mucous

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12
Q

what is emphysema? what is the greatest contribution?

A
  • disease of lungs
  • permanent enlargement of air spaces of the lungs with destruction of the septa or walls between air spaces
  • smoking is greatest contribution
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13
Q

what do people with emphysema have to be on?

A

supplemental oxygen

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14
Q

what kind of disease is bronchial asthma? who is it common in and caused by what?

A
  • intermittent disease

- common in children and often caused by stress

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15
Q

what are bronchial asthma attacks due to?

A
  • constriction of bronchial passages
  • can be extrinsic such as allergies cold air
  • can be intrinsic such as stress or infections
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16
Q

what is treatment for bronchial asthma

A

bronchodilater inhaler

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17
Q

who is lung cancer most common in?

A

most common malignant tumor in men and 2nd most common in women
not common in people who don’t smoke

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18
Q

heavy exposure to what increases the risk in lung cancer

A

abestos

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19
Q

are there symptoms in the early stages of lung cancer

A

no

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20
Q

what is a hormone?

A

chemical which in very small amounts regulate different body functions

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21
Q

what are 2 things that regulate the human body

A
  1. nerves-quick but shorter acting

2. hormones-slower but longer acting

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22
Q

where at are hormones carried to get to the target site

A

on the blood

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23
Q

3 types of endocrine problems and what they are due to

A
  1. hypofunction: due to inflammation on gland destruction
  2. hyperfunction: due to tumor (over production of gland)
  3. enlargment with no change in function
24
Q

what is the pituitary gland also known as

A

master gland

25
Q

what hormone does the pituitary gland secrete

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

26
Q

pituitary gland: size, function, location, what hormone produced

A
  1. size of walnut
  2. produces a lot of different hormones
  3. growth hormone produced here
27
Q

what is hyperpituitarism: in a child and an adult characteristics

A

child: gigantism 12-14 feet tall and usually die early
adult: cannot turn into giant because there are no growth centers, they will have acromegaly. Mostly growth in skull, hands, and feet, look prognathic, bigger cheek bones, coarsening of facial features, frontal bossing, and viscera can get bigger

28
Q

what does hypopituitarism do in child

A

dwarfs (uniformly small)

29
Q

thyroid gland: location and shape and function

A

located at base of neck underneath muscle in neck
H shaped
regulates metabolism

30
Q

causes of thyroid enlargement (3)

A
  1. hashimotos thyroiditis (autoimmune)
  2. functional problems=goiters
  3. tumor
31
Q

what is a goiter? most common reason for one?

A
  • enlargement of the thyroid gland

- most common reasons for this is lack of iodine because iodine is necessary to make thyroid hormone

32
Q

people most common with goiters

A

women and middle part of country due to no salt-water fish

33
Q

what table food has iodine in it to give supplement of it

A

salt

34
Q

characteristics of someone who has hypothyroidism

A
  • low metabolism
  • slow pulse and decreased circulation
  • decreased amount of thyroid hormone secreted
  • decrease heart rate, BP, body temp, always cold
35
Q

what is cretinism

A

from birth

dwarf, delayed eruption of teeth, mentally retarded, enlarged tongue

36
Q

characteristics of someone who has hyperthyroidism

A
  • increased metabolism, heart rate, body temp, and BP
  • always too warm
  • continuously perspire
  • lose weight and are hungry all the time
37
Q

if someone has graves disease what else do they have?

A

hyperthyroidism

38
Q

what is graves disease

A

high levels of thyroid hormone presence of a goiter, eyes seem to be bulging out of sockets (exophthalmos)

39
Q

what does the parathyroid gland do, the shape, and what it is necessary for

A
  • secretes parathormone, and regulates calcium in blood
  • found behind thyroid gland
  • necessary for clotting of blood
40
Q

characteristics of someone who is a hypoparathyroidism

A
  • low levels of parathormone
  • low blood calcium levels
  • neuromuscular excitment (uncontrollable contractions which leads to leg muscles contract and cramps occur)
41
Q

what happens when calcium is too low

A

tingling of hands, feet or mouth

42
Q

characteristics of someone who is hyperparathyroid

A
  • increased blood calcium levels
  • excess parathormone produced
  • calcium comes from bones which leads to weakening of bones
43
Q

if there is a loss of lamina dura around the sockets of the teeth, what is this from?

A

hyperparathyroid

44
Q

what is metastatic calcification

A

calcium in living tissue

45
Q

people with bronchial asthma have high levels of what in their blood continually?

A

carbon dioxide

46
Q

what symptoms of lung cancer?

A

pain in the chest, weight loss, pulmonary infections, and coughing up blood

47
Q

what is treatment for lung cancer?

A

surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy

48
Q

describe the pathology of bronchial asthma

A

attacks of shortness of breath and wheezing due to constriction of bronchial passages

49
Q

what is the most basic difference between bronchial asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis

A

emphysema is disease of the lungs while the others are of the bronchial passages

50
Q

what is one of the results of hypofunction of the posterior pituitary gland

A

diabetes

51
Q

symptoms of acromegaly

A

enlarged hands feet and skull

52
Q

cause of hashimotos thyroiditis

A

enlarged thyroid due to immune system attacking cells of thyroid (autoimmune disease)

53
Q

what causes the formation of a goiter

A

functioning problems due to lack of iodine in thyroid

54
Q

symptoms of grave’s disease

A

eyes bulging

55
Q

cause of graves disease

A

high levels of thyroid hormone and presence of a goiter

56
Q

what is the result of hypothyroidism from birth?

A

dwarf, delayed eruption of teeth, enlarged tongue, mentally retarded

Pathology (13 decks)

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