Causes and Mechanisms of Disease

Question 1

what is the difference because intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease

Answer 1

extrinsic: the cause lies outside the body
intrinsic: the cause lies within the body

Question 2

what is the major intrinsic factor contributing to pathology?

Answer 2

genetics or inheritance

Question 3

____ is the basic unit of heredity

Answer 3

gene

Question 4

Genes are made up of _____, and are combined together in long strands called ______

Answer 4

DNA

chromosomes

Question 5

do all cells have the same genetic information?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

how many chromosomes in a human contain all the genetic information?

Answer 6

46 chromosomes

Question 7

what is meiosis?

Answer 7

division of genetic material by half during production of eggs and sperm

Question 8

what is mitosis?

Answer 8

duplication of genetic material so each cell has 46 chromosomes

Question 9

how many pair of autosomes and sex chromosomes?

Answer 9

22 autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Question 10

what is a homologous pair?

Answer 10

two chromosomes that have the same genetic info and look the same (identical)

Question 11

what are the sex chromosomes for male and female

Answer 11

xx in women and xy in males

Question 12

define allels

Answer 12

genes for the same trait, at the same point, on a homologous pair of chromosomes

Question 13

when is dominant and recessive found?

Answer 13

when the pair of alleles is heterozygous for a trait

Question 14

define genotype

Answer 14

refers to the genetic makeup of the person

Question 15

define phenotype

Answer 15

how a person looks as a result of their genetic makeup

Question 16

define karyotype

Answer 16

actual picture of the chromosomes

Question 17

characteristics of down syndrome (another name for it, amount of chromosomes, what traits are found in the human)

Answer 17

1. also known as 21 trisomy
2. there are three 21 chromosomes
3. total of 47 chromosomes
4. have large tongues

Question 18

what is down syndrome caused by?

Answer 18

non-dysjunction of 21st pair of chromosomes

Question 19

what is macroglossia

Answer 19

enlarged tongue

Question 20

what is klinfelters syndrome caused by? number of chromosomes? traits about the human with this syndrome

Answer 20

1. caused by a non-dysjunction of sex chromosomes
2. XXY sex chromosomes
3. only found in males and they are tall, have reduced facial and body hair, enlarged breasts, atrophy of testes, sterile and slight retardation

Question 21

what is turners syndrome? found in males/females? traits about human

Answer 21

1. XO sex chromosomes
2. always found only in females
3. they have short, web-skinned at base of neck, don’t secrete female hormones, and mentally disable

Question 22

When is one diagnosed with turners syndrome?

Answer 22

at puberty when they should be developing sex characteristics

Question 23

what are sex-linked disorders?

Answer 23

gene for a disorder formed on one of the sex chromosomes

Question 24

what are 3 common examples of sex-linked disorders?

Answer 24

1. hemophilia ( bleeding disorder)
2. color blindness
3. baldness in men

Question 25

T/F: women are considered carriers of sex-linked traits while men show the trait

Answer 25

true

Question 26

what are the 2 type of mutations

Answer 26

1. point mutations: only one gene affected

2. mutations that involve a whole chromosome

Question 27

T/F: once mutated the chromosome cannot revert back to normal

Answer 27

false, it can reverse mutation

Question 28

What are 4 agents that cause mutations

Answer 28

1. chemicals
2. thalidomide
3. viruses
4. x-rays (radiation

Question 29

what cells are most affected by radiation

Answer 29

cells which are most actively growing and dividing (epithelial linings, blood forming tissues, gonads, embryos, children, and cancer cells)

Question 30

what are some injuries on the body level from radiation

Answer 30

1. burning to the skin: redness, swelling, loss of hair
2. Can cause damage to blood vessels: poor healing in future, and less blood flow to the tissues
3. excessive radiation to head and neck: destruction of salivary glands (causes xerostomia), burning of tissues,