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Pathology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory system contains what 3 things?

A
  1. heart=pump
  2. arteries and veins=tubing
  3. Lymphatic vessels
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2
Q

what does vascular disease cause

A

obstruction of vessels

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3
Q

what do signs and symptoms depend on?

A

what is obstructed

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4
Q

What is arterial disease

A

obstruction of the arteries is ischema of tissues.

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5
Q

what is ischema tissue

A

not getting enough oxygenated blood

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6
Q

what are the 3 forms of arteriosclerosis

A
  1. arteriosclerosis
  2. arteriolosclerosis
  3. atherosclerosis
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7
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

physiological problem “hardening of the arteries”

it happens with again, and normal fibrosis of artery walls with age

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8
Q

what is arteriolosclerosis

A

sclerosis of minor arteries and is associated with diabetes mellitis

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9
Q

what is atherosclerosis and characteristics

A

worst because a silent killer

  • responsible for most deaths in country
  • starts in childhood and progresses to disease
  • lesions are called atheroma
  • fibro-fatty plaques -can cause sclerosis of artery walls and obstruction of vessel lumen
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10
Q

there are no s/s with atherosclerosis and when there are is it too late?

A

-most times no s/s and when there are its too late bc so much damage is done to the vessels and often is life threatening complications involving major tissues or organs of the body (heart or brain)

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11
Q

where is atherosclerosis mostly common? where is another affected area?

A

in the aorta; coronary arteries along with arteries serving the brain

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12
Q

how can you prevent arterial disease?

A

lifestyle change

change in diet and no smoking

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13
Q

what are some potential problems from arterial disease?

A

heart attack, stroke, aneursym, gangrene of legs, kidney disease

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14
Q

what are some environmental factors?

A

diets rich in fat, smoking, age, sex, and diabetes and mellitus

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15
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

weak spots

-weakening and dilation of a portion of the wall of a BV usually an artery

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16
Q

what is affected with an aneurysm

A

aorta

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17
Q

what are the 2 ways of having a stroke

A
  1. bleeding into brain due to aneurysm

2. obstruction of BV=ischemia of brain tissue=death of tissue

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18
Q

what is venous disease

A

obstruction of veins

  • swelling and edema of tissues
  • varicose veins=abnormal dilation or dilation of veins
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19
Q

what is venous disease often associated with

A

increased BP and with orthostatic hypertension

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20
Q

how can you prevent venous disease?

A

decrease BP, walking

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21
Q

what is DVT?

A

deep vein thrombosis

-blood clotting in veins

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22
Q

what can DVT cause?

A

pulmonary embolism with symptoms like heart attack

23
Q

what is lymphatic disease

A

same as venous

swelling and edema of tissues

24
Q

what is lymphedema? what does it drain and where?

A

lymphatic system is a one-way drainage system

-drains intercellular fluid back toward the heart where it can be reincorporated in the blood and pumped out again

25
Q

why is blockage of lymph vessels dangerous?

A

lymph vessels carry potential cancerous cells

ex: breast

26
Q

heart disease can happen in what 2 ways?

A
  1. rhythm disturbance=no pumping of blood

2. natural failure of the heart as a pump

27
Q

what is CHF?

A

congestive heart failure; diminished cardiac stroke volume

-amount of blood that is pumped with each beat of heart

28
Q

what happens with the arterial output, and venous return during CHF?

A

arterial output is decreased, therefore the venous return is decreased with pooling of blood in extremities
-also pooling of blood in legs

29
Q

what is pitting edema? what is it associated with?

A

press on tissue with finger and leaves dimple reaming in tissue but eventually disappears
-associated with CHF

30
Q

2 causes of CHF

A
  1. coronary artery disease

2. chronic high BP

31
Q

CHF = edema in ____ and ____

A

legs and ankles

32
Q

what is Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea? when does it happen?

A
  • Fit Night Shortness of Breathe

- happens at night when lying down and heart is in the same plane as rest of body

33
Q

consequences of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

decreased circulation
lungs fill up with fluid
shortness of breath bc cells need oxygen

34
Q

what must people do with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea to fix it?

A

sleep in chair or up right position

get up and walk around to feel better

35
Q

3 forms of coronary HD or ischemic HD

A
  1. myocardial infarction
  2. angina pectoris
  3. chronic ischemic HD
36
Q

Charachteristics of angina pectoris

A
  • chest pain with exerstion or stress

- partially obstructed coronary vessels cannot provide enough oxygen to satisfy heart muscle

37
Q

is angina pectoris reversible?

A

yes

38
Q

what is used to treat angina? why?

A

nictroglycerin used to treat bc it dilates vessels

  • peripheral vasodilation=open BC in arms and legs and decreases BP
  • decreased BP= decreased work load for the heart muscle
39
Q

what is a myocardial infarction caused by?

A

atherosclerosis and sudden complete obstruction of the lumen (blood clot)

40
Q

s/s of MI

A
  • shortness of breath
  • weakness
  • nausea/vomitting
  • chest pain/left arm pain
  • sweating
  • impending doom
41
Q

treatment for MI

A
  • defibrilater
  • aspirin
  • get to hospital
42
Q

why is aspirin used for an MI?

A

makes blood thinner and less likely to clot

43
Q

where is women’s pain usually felt with an MI?

A

women usually have pain in shoulder or back

44
Q

what is the basic problem associated with pathology of the blood or lymph system?

A

blockage or obstruction of vessels

45
Q

arterial disease generally produces what pathology?

A

ischema of tissue

46
Q

venous and lymphatic disease generally produce what pathology?

A

obstruction of veins/swelling and edema of tissues

47
Q

what is atheroma

A

lesion from atherosclerosis

48
Q

what vessels are affected most by atherosclerosis

A

heart and brain

49
Q

factors affecting the liklihood of developing atherosclerosis

A

heart attack, stroke aneurysm

50
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

weakening dilation of a portion of the wall of a blood vessel

51
Q

what vessel is commonly associated with an aneurysm?

A

aorta

52
Q

how does the body attempt to compensate for CHF

A

heart enlarges and dilates chambers

53
Q

what is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

shortness of breath at night due to lungs filled with fluid

Pathology (13 decks)

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