Cellular Basis of Disease Flashcards
what is the difference between signs and symptoms
signs: those things we observe when we see a patient (swelling, bleeding upon probing)
symptoms: those things that a patient tells us when we ask questions (my gums bleed terribly)
what are the very first changes within the cell?
biochemical changes
what is reversible injury? example?
when the cell will survive and return to normal because the injury wasn’t too great.
example: getting sick
what is irreversible injury? example?
stress is too great for the cell and it dies
example: heart attack
define necrosis
dead cells are only recognized as dead after they have begun to break down
___ is the basis of our lives and our good health, and _____ is the basis of disease
cellular biology
cellular pathology
what is a very common cause of cellular stress
disruption in the flow of oxygenated blood to the tissues
what is a reduced level of oxygen to the cells
hypoxia
what is an example of hypoxia?
angina pectoris
what is the most common response of human tissue to irritation?
growth
Characteristics of 1st cellular response to stress in a cell
- adaptation
- change in cell size
- hypertrophy, atrophy, and metaplasia
define hypertrophy
increase in tissue size due to increase in cell size with no increase in the number of cells
define atrophy
decrease in tissue size due to decrease in cell size
tissue is still there but is very small due to lack of function and use
What happens when there is a lack of food or oxygen to the cells?
they will decrease in size and effect the brain because of decreased nutrients
Define metaplasia
reversible change where a more fragile cell type is replaced with a more rugged cell type in instances of prolonged irritation
define anoxia and example
complete lack of oxygen because the cells cannot adapt to the stress
examples: heart attack, strokes, and gangrene and even death
Define hypoplasia and aplasia
hypo: failure of an organ or tissue to develop completely
a: total failure of a tissue or organ to develop
Characteristics of 2nd response to stress in cells
- reversible injury
- cellular swelling, or cloudy swelling
- fatty change
define cellular swelling
cells absorb water
define hydrophic degeneration
so much water accumulated that it forms water droplets in the cell
define fatty change
cells are really stressed and it happens in cells that metabolize fat such as the liver
Characteristics of 3rd response to stress in cells
- irreversible injury
- cell death
- necrosis
what are the two processes of necrosis
- release of digestive enzymes
2. denaturation of proteins
Define pus
liquid accumulation that contains enzymes, WBC, bacteria, and dead cells. Done by a release of a liquid and it starts to digest the tissue-dead or alive
define hyperplasia and examples
increase in tissue size due to number of cells increasing
examples: physiologic: size of breast in women increase
pathologic, and papillary
define coagulative necrosis and example
dead cells retain their natural shape for a while after the cell has died due to coagulation of the liquid parts of the cell. No immediate formation of liquid “soup”
example: hypoxic cell death
what is the cause of coagulative necrosis
lack of oxygen in all tissues of the body except the brain
define gangrene and what is the cause of it?
initially coagulative but then may be liquefactive with bacterial breakdown of dead tissue
cause of gangrene is loss of blood supply and thus oxygen to the tissues
two cases of cellular stress
- hypoxia: low levels of O2 in the blood (Angina)
2. Anoxia: complete lack of O2 in the blood
Can free radicals cause tissue injury?
yes
what fights free radicals and prevents tissue damage?
antioxidants
Define the 2 basic types of pigments and examples
- exogenous: source is outside the body (tattoo, coal mines, smokers)
- endogenous: source is inside the body (bruise, biliverdin, & bilirubin)
example of calcium salt accumulation
tissue that dies from coagulative necrosis
what is calcification of dead tissue and an example
dystrophic calcification
blood Calcium level is normal
tuberculosis
what is calcification of living tissue and an example
metastatic calcification
blood Calcium level is too high
hyperparathyroid
3 defined terms associated with somatic cell death
- rigor mortis: stiffness
- livor mortis: blood vessels, resulting in blood seeping to the lowest part of the body (back)
- algor mortis: loss of body temperature
what are the 2 types of calcium accumulations
- dystrophic calcification
2. metastatic calcification
