Cellular Basis of Disease

Question 1

what is the difference between signs and symptoms

Answer 1

signs: those things we observe when we see a patient (swelling, bleeding upon probing)
symptoms: those things that a patient tells us when we ask questions (my gums bleed terribly)

Question 2

what are the very first changes within the cell?

Answer 2

biochemical changes

Question 3

what is reversible injury? example?

Answer 3

when the cell will survive and return to normal because the injury wasn’t too great.
example: getting sick

Question 4

what is irreversible injury? example?

Answer 4

stress is too great for the cell and it dies

example: heart attack

Question 5

define necrosis

Answer 5

dead cells are only recognized as dead after they have begun to break down

Question 6

___ is the basis of our lives and our good health, and _____ is the basis of disease

Answer 6

cellular biology

cellular pathology

Question 7

what is a very common cause of cellular stress

Answer 7

disruption in the flow of oxygenated blood to the tissues

Question 8

what is a reduced level of oxygen to the cells

Answer 8

hypoxia

Question 9

what is an example of hypoxia?

Answer 9

angina pectoris

Question 10

what is the most common response of human tissue to irritation?

Answer 10

growth

Question 11

Characteristics of 1st cellular response to stress in a cell

Answer 11

1. adaptation
2. change in cell size
3. hypertrophy, atrophy, and metaplasia

Question 12

define hypertrophy

Answer 12

increase in tissue size due to increase in cell size with no increase in the number of cells

Question 13

define atrophy

Answer 13

decrease in tissue size due to decrease in cell size

tissue is still there but is very small due to lack of function and use

Question 14

What happens when there is a lack of food or oxygen to the cells?

Answer 14

they will decrease in size and effect the brain because of decreased nutrients

Question 15

Define metaplasia

Answer 15

reversible change where a more fragile cell type is replaced with a more rugged cell type in instances of prolonged irritation

Question 16

define anoxia and example

Answer 16

complete lack of oxygen because the cells cannot adapt to the stress
examples: heart attack, strokes, and gangrene and even death

Question 17

Define hypoplasia and aplasia

Answer 17

hypo: failure of an organ or tissue to develop completely
a: total failure of a tissue or organ to develop

Question 18

Characteristics of 2nd response to stress in cells

Answer 18

1. reversible injury
2. cellular swelling, or cloudy swelling
3. fatty change

Question 19

define cellular swelling

Answer 19

cells absorb water

Question 20

define hydrophic degeneration

Answer 20

so much water accumulated that it forms water droplets in the cell

Question 21

define fatty change

Answer 21

cells are really stressed and it happens in cells that metabolize fat such as the liver

Question 22

Characteristics of 3rd response to stress in cells

Answer 22

1. irreversible injury
2. cell death
3. necrosis

Question 23

what are the two processes of necrosis

Answer 23

1. release of digestive enzymes

2. denaturation of proteins

Question 24

Define pus

Answer 24

liquid accumulation that contains enzymes, WBC, bacteria, and dead cells. Done by a release of a liquid and it starts to digest the tissue-dead or alive

Question 25

define hyperplasia and examples

Answer 25

increase in tissue size due to number of cells increasing
examples: physiologic: size of breast in women increase
pathologic, and papillary

Question 26

define coagulative necrosis and example

Answer 26

dead cells retain their natural shape for a while after the cell has died due to coagulation of the liquid parts of the cell. No immediate formation of liquid “soup”
example: hypoxic cell death

Question 27

what is the cause of coagulative necrosis

Answer 27

lack of oxygen in all tissues of the body except the brain

Question 28

define gangrene and what is the cause of it?

Answer 28

initially coagulative but then may be liquefactive with bacterial breakdown of dead tissue
cause of gangrene is loss of blood supply and thus oxygen to the tissues

Question 29

two cases of cellular stress

Answer 29

1. hypoxia: low levels of O2 in the blood (Angina)

2. Anoxia: complete lack of O2 in the blood

Question 30

Can free radicals cause tissue injury?

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

what fights free radicals and prevents tissue damage?

Answer 31

antioxidants

Question 32

Define the 2 basic types of pigments and examples

Answer 32

1. exogenous: source is outside the body (tattoo, coal mines, smokers)
2. endogenous: source is inside the body (bruise, biliverdin, & bilirubin)

Question 33

example of calcium salt accumulation

Answer 33

tissue that dies from coagulative necrosis

Question 34

what is calcification of dead tissue and an example

Answer 34

dystrophic calcification
blood Calcium level is normal
tuberculosis

Question 35

what is calcification of living tissue and an example

Answer 35

metastatic calcification
blood Calcium level is too high
hyperparathyroid

Question 36

3 defined terms associated with somatic cell death

Answer 36

1. rigor mortis: stiffness
2. livor mortis: blood vessels, resulting in blood seeping to the lowest part of the body (back)
3. algor mortis: loss of body temperature

Question 37

what are the 2 types of calcium accumulations

Answer 37

1. dystrophic calcification

2. metastatic calcification