Immunologic Disorders

Question 1

define hypofunction and an example

Answer 1

too little function

ex: AIDS

Question 2

define hyperfunction and an example

Answer 2

overreacting

ex: anaphylaxis or an allergic reaction

Question 3

2 functions of the immune system

Answer 3

1. protection against foreign invaders (bacteria and viruses)
2. destruction of tumor cells

Question 4

define antigen

Answer 4

substance that can activate an immune response

Question 5

define antibody

Answer 5

immunoglobin chemical produced by plasma cells that will react with one specific antigen

Question 6

define surface recognition antigen

Answer 6

cellular “nametag” formed on each of our cells that are genetically determined. Each cell is specific to us except for identical twins

Question 7

define self tolerance

Answer 7

immune system able to look at organs and recognize name tags so it won’t react against it

Question 8

what is the basis of the functioning of the immune system

Answer 8

recognition of all our own markers (self-tolerance or self-recognition) as well as recognition of foreign markers

Question 9

what are 4 characteristics of the immune response?

Answer 9

1. ability to recognize and react only to that which is foreign
2. specificity-a specific immune response against each specific antigen
3. ability to remember antigens that have been present in the body before (immunologic memory)
4. increasingly active immune response on re-exposure to the antigen

Question 10

B-cells produce ______. what are the 5 classes?

Answer 10

immunoglobins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

Question 11

what class of immunoglobins is associated with newborn protection?

Answer 11

IgG

Question 12

what class of immunoglobins is associated with allergic reactions?

Answer 12

IgE

Question 13

what class of immunoglobins is found in highest concentration in the saliva?

Answer 13

IgA

Question 14

what is a compliment?

Answer 14

series of proteins that are found in blood clots

Question 15

define haptens and give an example

Answer 15

molecules not able to be antigens by themselves, but when combined with proteins become antigens
ex: penicillin

Question 16

what is a primary response

Answer 16

the first immune response to a foreign invader

Question 17

what are differences between the primary and secondary response

Answer 17

secondary is:

faster, stronger, immunologic memory, also known as an allergy

Question 18

what are the two immune reactions that cause tissue damage

Answer 18

1. type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction

2. type 4 cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction

Question 19

characteristics of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 19

happens right away (allergic)
IgE associated with these reactions
antibody is bound to the surface of mast cells and basophils

Question 20

what can be an outcome of type 1?

Answer 20

anaphylaxis

Question 21

allergin + IgE = ?

Answer 21

release of histamine

Question 22

what causes dilation of blood vessels and sudden drop in blood pressure?

Answer 22

histamine or vasodilation

Question 23

what are some s/s of someone in anaphylaxis?

Answer 23

decreased BP, and increase in respiratory difficulty, and decrease in circulation

Question 24

what treatment can be given to someone in shock?

Answer 24

epipen or epinephrine

Question 25

what is epinephrine?

Answer 25

vasoconstrictor and bronchial dilater

Question 26

what are examples of type 4 reactions?

Answer 26

a TB test, graft regest, and latex

Question 27

what is autoimmune disease

Answer 27

loss of self-tolerance, the body suddenly fails to recognize its own surface recognition antigens as self and begins to form antibodies against its own tissue.

Question 28

are men or women more common to get the autoimmune disease?

Answer 28

women are more common

Question 29

5 types of autoimmune disease

Answer 29

1. hashimotos thyroditis
2. lupus erythematosus (butterfly rash)
3. rheumatoid arthritis
4. sjogrens syndrome
5. rheumatic fever

Question 30

which autoimmune disease is orally and can lead to rampant caries

Answer 30

sjogrens syndrome