INFLAMMATION

Question 1

• is a protective mechanism in that protective factor such as antibodies, complement and phagocytic cells normally confined to the bloodstream gain access at localized tissue sites to destroy foreign invaders.

Answer 1

inflammation

Question 2

Leucocytes then begin to
appear in the marginal plasma
stream of the venule

Answer 2

margination

Question 3

began to stick to
the walls and adhere to it for longer
periods

Answer 3

adherence

Question 4

Progressively, more leucocytes
adhere to the walls until the luminal
surface of the wall become covered
with a layer of leucocytes

Answer 4

pavementing

Question 5

phase lasting less than an hour,

Answer 5

immediate phase

Question 6

phase that last for 3-4 hours or longer if the stimulus persists.

Answer 6

prolonged phase

Question 7

phase that last for several days, although delayed in onset has been described to occur in sunburns.

Answer 7

third phase

Question 8

in tissues is accomplished by pseudopodia into
the intercellular junction of endothelial cells, enlarging their opening and squeezing through.

Answer 8

migration

Question 9

What attract the leucocytes to migrate to the injured site are,

Answer 9

chemical mediators

Question 10

What attract the leucocytes to migrate to the injured site are chemical mediators of inflammation and this process is called

Answer 10

chemotaxis

Question 11

commonly called polymorphs or granulocytes are usually first, and could move through fibrin and past tissue cells to their destination.

Answer 11

neutrophils & eosinophils

Question 12

are chemical messengers that act on vascular endothelia and leucocytes to contribute to an inflammatory reaction.

Answer 12

autacoids

Question 13

mediators coming from the outside

Answer 13

exogenous mediators

Question 14

mediators synthesized by the body

Answer 14

endogenous mediators

Question 15

coming from the three major mediator-
producing systems in the plasma as coagulation-fibrinolytic system, kinin system, and complement system

Answer 15

plasma derived

Question 16

may be performed and stored as
granules in cells or newly synthesized by cells

Answer 16

Tissue derived

Question 17

generated by consequent or multiple enzymic
steps involving sequential activation of molecules by limited proteolysis

Answer 17

Peptide mediators

Question 18

– collectively called eicosanoids, these are derived
from the action of phospholipase to membrane phospholipids through the arachidonic acid pathways

Answer 18

lipid mediators

Question 19

classical pathway start at

Answer 19

C4

Question 20

alternate pathway start at

Answer 20

C3

Question 21

Several mediators cause the observed
vasodilation and hyperemia in the early stages of inflammation.

Answer 21

histamine from mast cells & basophils

Question 22

Effects of Autacoids

Answer 22

Vasodilation and Hyperemia.
Vasopermeability.
Leucocyte Emigration and Chemotaxis.

Question 23

type of exudates that is a clear fluid that is low in protein that exudes from serosal or mucosal surfaces following mild irritation. Ex. Runny nose seen in many
inflammatory reactions, and should neutrophils be present, it imparts a whitish tinge to the exudates.

Answer 23

serous exudate

Question 24

type of exudate exudates usually occur in severe vascular injuries where a fluid rich in fibrinogen is produced. most notably in the intestines, pleura, peritoneum, and synovial
membranes.

Answer 24

Fibrinous exudate

Question 25

fibrinous exudates, the fibrous organization of the exudates forms what is called

Answer 25

adhesion

Question 26

In severe mucosal damage where the epithelia are lost, the fibrin that accumulates may become tightly adherent to the underlying tissue forming what is known as

Answer 26

diphtheritic membrane or pseudomembrane.

Question 27

– when red blood cells are the predominating cellular component, the exudates are called

Answer 27

Hemorrhagic exudates

Question 28

hemorrhagic exudates sometimes called

Answer 28

sanginous exudates

Question 29

when hemorrhagic exudates coupled with a thin fluid where it imparts a red tinge color, the exudates are called

Answer 29

serosanguineous exudates.

Question 30

exudates are characterized by the production of pus (suppuration) which is a thick creamy fluid composed of a large number of viable and dead polymorphs.

Answer 30

Purulent or Suppurative exudates

Question 31

A species that their heterophils lack the hydrolytic enzymes, purulent exudates are semi-solid compared to the fluid nature of the exudates seen in mammals.

Answer 31

Avian

Question 32

Purulent exudates are characteristically associated with certain types of

Answer 32

pyogenic bacteria

Question 33

purulent exudates are admixed with mucus, the term is ?

Answer 33

mucopurulent exudates

Question 34

exudates are admixed with fibrin, the term ?

Answer 34

fibrinopurulent

Question 35

is a viable collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis of the skin,

Answer 35

pustule

Question 36

is a localized collection of pus, usually confined with a diphtheritic membrane or pyogenic membrane.

Answer 36

abscess

Question 37

An abscess is said to be _____ when it is encapsulated in this membrane and not showing any sign of progression of the reaction,

Answer 37

cold

Question 38

______indication that is an abscess inflammatory reaction is ongoing.

Answer 38

hot

Question 39

an abscess that may rupture at a surface through a tract called

Answer 39

sinus or fistulous tract;

Question 40

abscess that may may spread along fascial planes and subcutaneous tissues and is called

Answer 40

cellulitis or phlegmonous inflammation;

Question 41

Pus contained in body cavities is called

Answer 41

empyema

Question 42

occur on mucus membranes and mucosal surfaces of the alimentary tract, respiratory, and reproductive tract.

Answer 42

Catarrhal exudates

Question 43

cells are the first to migrate at the site of inflammation attracted by chemotactic factors,

Answer 43

neutrophil

Question 44

life span of neutrophil

Answer 44

24-48 hours.

Question 45

very much like neutrophils in that they have granules containing an assortment of enzymes, are phagocytic, prominent in certain parasitic infections and in allergic reactions.

Answer 45

eosinophils

Question 46

Considered as the circulating form of mast cells, their number in circulation is very low. _____play an important role in hypersensitivity reactions, where they produce histamine.

Answer 46

BASOPHILS

Question 47

are not phagocytic, and do not ordinarily migrate during the acute phase of inflammation, commonly seen in chronic inflammation, and more importantly in viral infections.________ are associated with the host’s immune response and are often present in lesions around small blood vessels where they form a cuff called perivascular cuffing.

Answer 47

LYMPHOCYTES

Question 48

Formed from transformed B-lymphocytes, they produce antibodies and their presence in an inflammatory site reflects a subacute or chronic process.

Answer 48

PLASMA CELLS

Question 49

The formation of mature plasma cells from lymphocytes requires about

Answer 49

4-5 days.

Question 50

less common than neutrophils, and arrive at the site of inflammation later than the polymorphs (granulocytes).

Answer 50

Monocytes and Macrophages.

Question 51

plump aggregates of macrophages,

Answer 51

epithelioid cells

Question 52

are large multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of macrophages.

Answer 52

giant cells

Question 53

more commonly encountered types of macrophage are the?

Answer 53

foreign body giant cell Langhan’s type giant cell.

Question 54

Found during repair phase, They multiply rapidly at site and secrete globular protein that precipitate as macromolecular collagen fibers in the interstitium.

Answer 54

fibroblast

Question 55

is sometimes called exudative inflammation because of the numerous tissue and plasma factors that pours into the inflammatory site.

Answer 55

acute inflammation

Question 56

occurs when the injurious stimuli persist over a long period. It is often called proliferative inflammation because it is characterized by proliferation of cells than exudation of cells and fluid.

Answer 56

chronic inflammation

Question 57

Chronic inflammation may take several forms as ______ ______ where an ulcer is not repaired,

Answer 57

chronic ulceration

Question 58

chronic inflammation where there is fibrous encapsulation of pus,

Answer 58

abscessation

Question 59

chronic inflammation that is characterized by the formation of granulation tissue that is heavily infiltrated with macrophages, polymorphs, lymphocytes and plasma cells.

Answer 59

chronic granulomatous inflammation.

Question 60

a term used to describe small nodular lesions of chronic inflammation that has a caseous center walled off by epithelioid cells, macrophages and fibroblasts.

Answer 60

granuloma

Question 61

lesions are usually small and surrounded by normal tissue.

Answer 61

focal

Question 62

well demarcated, the lesion is said to be

Answer 62

discrete

Question 63

but if it blends well with the surrounding normal tissue, it is said to be

Answer 63

diffuse focal

Question 64

lesions represent several scattered foci of inflammation.

Answer 64

Multi-focal

Question 65

lesion involves a considerable are of tissue within an organ, the lesion is said to be

Answer 65

locally extensive.

Question 66

inflammatory lesions involve all of the tissue or the whole organ.

Answer 66

diffuse

Question 67

invariably occurs, and is due to enzymes and other products released by infiltrating cells, and the production of free radicals by these cells.

Answer 67

tissue damage

Question 68

A fairly constant accompaniment of inflammation, _____ is the rise in body temperature.

Answer 68

fever or pyrexia

Question 69

are substances that induce fever,

Answer 69

pyrogens

Question 70

leucocyte counts may either be increased becuase of bone marrow increased mobilization

Answer 70

(leukocytosis)

Question 71

decreased ______ when bone marrow production is depressed.

Answer 71

leukopenia

Question 72

two processes of healing:

Answer 72

healing by repair healing by regeneration.

Question 73

involved in healing by second intention, also called healing by

Answer 73

granulation

Question 74

This tissue that fill-in the gap is called

Answer 74

granulation tissue

Question 75

inflammation is complete and has successfully eliminated the noxious agent, repair by _____ follows

Answer 75

resolutions

Question 76

In cases where there is incomplete resolution of inflammation, repair by_____ follows

Answer 76

organization

Question 77

implies that lost cells are replaced by cells of the same kind, and indicates cellular division of the remaining viable cells to take over the place of those lost from injury.

Answer 77

regeneration

Question 78

species lost most of their capacity to regenerate total body structures from evolutionary processes, and the replacement of lost tissue is principally through repair.

Answer 78

simpler aquatic, amphibian, and reptilian species, mammalian

Question 79

these cells continue to multiply throughout life to replace those shed or destroyed by normal physiological processes. the surface cells exfoliate throughout life and are being replaced every few days.

Answer 79

labile cells

Question 80

retain their latent capacity to regenerate, but do not actively replicate under normal circumstances because they have a survival time measured in terms of years, and possibly equal that of the entire lifespan of the individual.

Answer 80

stable cells

Question 81

these cells cannot regenerate and therefore damage to these cells represents permanent loss.

Answer 81

permanent cells

Question 82

growth may give rise to mass of tangled fibers sometimes called ( take note it's a non functional)

Answer 82

“amputation or traumatic neuroma”

Question 83

may occur accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen giving rise to a protruding tumor-like scar tissue known as

Answer 83

keloid

Question 84

excessive formation of granulation tissues that protrudes above the level of injury this is known as

Answer 84

exuberant granulation or proudflesh.

Question 85

delays healing for they interfere with the maturation of collagen and in the on-going inflammatory process.

Answer 85

corticosteroid