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PATHOLOGY > INFLAMMATION > Flashcards

INFLAMMATION Flashcards

1
Q
  • is a protective mechanism in that protective factor such as antibodies, complement and phagocytic cells normally confined to the bloodstream gain access at localized tissue sites to destroy foreign invaders.
A

inflammation

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2
Q

Leucocytes then begin to
appear in the marginal plasma
stream of the venule

A

margination

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3
Q

began to stick to
the walls and adhere to it for longer
periods

A

adherence

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4
Q

Progressively, more leucocytes
adhere to the walls until the luminal
surface of the wall become covered
with a layer of leucocytes

A

pavementing

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5
Q

phase lasting less than an hour,

A

immediate phase

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6
Q

phase that last for 3-4 hours or longer if the stimulus persists.

A

prolonged phase

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7
Q

phase that last for several days, although delayed in onset has been described to occur in sunburns.

A

third phase

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8
Q

in tissues is accomplished by pseudopodia into
the intercellular junction of endothelial cells, enlarging their opening and squeezing through.

A

migration

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9
Q

What attract the leucocytes to migrate to the injured site are,

A

chemical mediators

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10
Q

What attract the leucocytes to migrate to the injured site are chemical mediators of inflammation and this process is called

A

chemotaxis

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11
Q

commonly called polymorphs or granulocytes are usually first, and could move through fibrin and past tissue cells to their destination.

A

neutrophils & eosinophils

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12
Q

are chemical messengers that act on vascular endothelia and leucocytes to contribute to an inflammatory reaction.

A

autacoids

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13
Q

mediators coming from the outside

A

exogenous mediators

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14
Q

mediators synthesized by the body

A

endogenous mediators

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15
Q

coming from the three major mediator-
producing systems in the plasma as coagulation-fibrinolytic system, kinin system, and complement system

A

plasma derived

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16
Q

may be performed and stored as
granules in cells or newly synthesized by cells

A

Tissue derived

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17
Q

generated by consequent or multiple enzymic
steps involving sequential activation of molecules by limited proteolysis

A

Peptide mediators

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18
Q

– collectively called eicosanoids, these are derived
from the action of phospholipase to membrane phospholipids through the arachidonic acid pathways

A

lipid mediators

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19
Q

classical pathway start at

A

C4

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20
Q

alternate pathway start at

A

C3

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21
Q

Several mediators cause the observed
vasodilation and hyperemia in the early stages of inflammation.

A

histamine from mast cells & basophils

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22
Q

Effects of Autacoids

A

Vasodilation and Hyperemia.
Vasopermeability.
Leucocyte Emigration and Chemotaxis.

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23
Q

type of exudates that is a clear fluid that is low in protein that exudes from serosal or mucosal surfaces following mild irritation. Ex. Runny nose seen in many
inflammatory reactions, and should neutrophils be present, it imparts a whitish tinge to the exudates.

A

serous exudate

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24
Q

type of exudate exudates usually occur in severe vascular injuries where a fluid rich in fibrinogen is produced. most notably in the intestines, pleura, peritoneum, and synovial
membranes.

A

Fibrinous exudate

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25
Q

fibrinous exudates, the fibrous
organization of the exudates forms what is called

A

adhesion

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26
Q

In severe mucosal damage where the epithelia are lost, the fibrin that accumulates may become
tightly adherent to the underlying tissue forming what is known as

A

diphtheritic membrane or pseudomembrane.

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27
Q

– when red blood cells are the predominating cellular
component, the exudates are called

A

Hemorrhagic exudates

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28
Q

hemorrhagic exudates sometimes called

A

sanginous exudates

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29
Q

when hemorrhagic exudates coupled with a thin fluid where it imparts a red tinge color, the exudates are called

A

serosanguineous exudates.

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30
Q

exudates are characterized by the production of pus (suppuration) which is a thick creamy fluid composed of a
large number of viable and dead polymorphs.

A

Purulent or Suppurative exudates

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31
Q

A species that their heterophils lack the hydrolytic enzymes, purulent exudates are semi-solid compared to the fluid nature of the exudates seen in mammals.

A

Avian

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32
Q

Purulent exudates are characteristically associated with certain types of

A

pyogenic bacteria

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33
Q

purulent exudates are admixed with mucus,
the term is ?

A

mucopurulent exudates

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34
Q

exudates are admixed with fibrin,
the term ?

A

fibrinopurulent

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35
Q

is a viable collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis of the skin,

A

pustule

36
Q

is a localized collection of pus, usually confined with a diphtheritic membrane or pyogenic
membrane.

A

abscess

37
Q

An abscess is said to be _____ when it is encapsulated in this membrane and not showing any sign of progression of the reaction,

A

cold

38
Q

______indication that is an abscess inflammatory reaction is ongoing.

A

hot

39
Q

an abscess that may rupture at a surface through a tract called

A

sinus or fistulous tract;

40
Q

abscess that may may spread along fascial planes and subcutaneous tissues and is called

A

cellulitis or phlegmonous inflammation;

41
Q

Pus contained in body cavities is called

A

empyema

42
Q

occur on mucus membranes and mucosal surfaces of
the alimentary tract, respiratory, and reproductive tract.

A

Catarrhal exudates

43
Q

cells are the first to migrate at the site of inflammation
attracted by chemotactic factors,

A

neutrophil

44
Q

life span of neutrophil

A

24-48 hours.

45
Q

very much like neutrophils in that they have granules containing an assortment of enzymes, are phagocytic,
prominent in certain parasitic infections and in allergic
reactions.

A

eosinophils

46
Q

Considered as the circulating form of mast cells, their number in circulation is very low. _____play an important role in hypersensitivity reactions, where they produce histamine.

A

BASOPHILS

47
Q

are not phagocytic, and do not ordinarily migrate
during the acute phase of inflammation, commonly seen in chronic inflammation, and more importantly in viral
infections.________ are associated with the host’s immune response and are often present in lesions around small blood vessels where they form a cuff called
perivascular cuffing.

A

LYMPHOCYTES

48
Q

Formed from transformed B-lymphocytes, they produce antibodies and their presence in an inflammatory site
reflects a subacute or chronic process.

A

PLASMA CELLS

49
Q

The formation of mature plasma cells from
lymphocytes requires about

A

4-5 days.

50
Q

less common than neutrophils, and
arrive at the site of inflammation later than the polymorphs (granulocytes).

A

Monocytes and Macrophages.

51
Q

plump aggregates of macrophages,

A

epithelioid cells

52
Q

are large multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of macrophages.

A

giant cells

53
Q

more commonly encountered types of macrophage are the?

A

foreign body giant cell
Langhan’s type giant cell.

54
Q

Found during repair phase, They
multiply rapidly at site and secrete globular protein that precipitate as macromolecular collagen fibers in the interstitium.

A

fibroblast

55
Q

is sometimes called exudative inflammation because of
the numerous tissue and plasma factors that pours into the inflammatory site.

A

acute inflammation

56
Q

occurs when the injurious stimuli persist over a long
period. It is often called proliferative inflammation because it is characterized by proliferation of cells than exudation of cells and fluid.

A

chronic inflammation

57
Q

Chronic inflammation may take
several forms as ______ ______ where an ulcer is not repaired,

A

chronic ulceration

58
Q

chronic inflammation where there is fibrous encapsulation of pus,

A

abscessation

59
Q

chronic inflammation that is characterized by the formation of granulation tissue that is heavily infiltrated with macrophages, polymorphs, lymphocytes and plasma cells.

A

chronic granulomatous inflammation.

60
Q

a term used to describe small nodular lesions of chronic
inflammation that has a caseous center walled off by epithelioid cells, macrophages and fibroblasts.

A

granuloma

61
Q

lesions are usually small and surrounded by normal tissue.

A

focal

62
Q

well demarcated, the lesion is said to be

A

discrete

63
Q

but if it blends well with the surrounding normal tissue, it
is said to be

A

diffuse focal

64
Q

lesions represent several scattered foci of inflammation.

A

Multi-focal

65
Q

lesion involves a considerable are of tissue within an organ, the lesion is said to be

A

locally extensive.

66
Q

inflammatory lesions involve all of the tissue or the
whole organ.

A

diffuse

67
Q

invariably occurs, and is due to enzymes
and other products released by infiltrating cells, and the production of free radicals by these cells.

A

tissue damage

68
Q

A fairly constant accompaniment of inflammation, _____ is the rise in body temperature.

A

fever or pyrexia

69
Q

are substances that induce fever,

A

pyrogens

70
Q

leucocyte counts may either be increased becuase of bone marrow increased mobilization

A

(leukocytosis)

71
Q

decreased ______ when bone marrow production is
depressed.

A

leukopenia

72
Q

two processes of healing:

A

healing by repair
healing by regeneration.

73
Q

involved in healing by second intention, also called healing
by

A

granulation

74
Q

This tissue that fill-in the gap is called

A

granulation tissue

75
Q

inflammation is complete and has successfully eliminated the noxious agent, repair by _____ follows

A

resolutions

76
Q

In cases where there is incomplete resolution of inflammation, repair by_____ follows

A

organization

77
Q

implies that lost cells are replaced by cells of the same kind, and indicates cellular division of the remaining viable cells to take over the place of those lost from injury.

A

regeneration

78
Q

species lost most of their capacity to regenerate total body structures from evolutionary processes, and the replacement of lost tissue is principally through repair.

A

simpler aquatic, amphibian, and reptilian species, mammalian

79
Q

these cells continue to multiply throughout life to replace
those shed or destroyed by normal physiological processes. the surface cells exfoliate throughout life and are being replaced every few days.

A

labile cells

80
Q

retain their latent capacity to regenerate, but do not
actively replicate under normal circumstances because they have a survival time measured in terms of years, and possibly equal that of the entire lifespan of the individual.

A

stable cells

81
Q

these cells cannot regenerate and therefore damage
to these cells represents permanent loss.

A

permanent cells

82
Q

growth may give rise to mass of tangled fibers sometimes called ( take note it’s a non functional)

A

“amputation or traumatic neuroma”

83
Q

may occur accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen
giving rise to a protruding tumor-like scar tissue known as

A

keloid

84
Q

excessive formation of granulation tissues that protrudes above the level of injury this is known as

A

exuberant granulation or proudflesh.

85
Q

delays healing for they interfere with the maturation of collagen and in the on-going inflammatory process.

A

corticosteroid

PATHOLOGY (23 decks)

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