CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCE

Question 1

distribution of fluid is a carefully controlled

Answer 1

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM

Question 2

It play an important role in fluid distribution, hemostasis,
inflammation and healing.

Answer 2

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Question 3

60% of the total lean body weight is composed of

Answer 3

WATER

Question 4

40% of this is in the

Answer 4

INTRACELLULAR SPACE

Question 5

15% in the

Answer 5

EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT

Question 6

5% in the

Answer 6

PLASMID

Question 7

the accumulation of an excessive amount of extracellular water in the
interstitial fluid spaces

Answer 7

EDEMA

Question 8

edema may be a:

Answer 8

TRANSUDATE or EXUDATE

Question 9

The relationship between the various forces at work in the microcirculatory
bed is described by what is known as the

Answer 9

STARLING EQUILIBRIUM

Question 10

balance exists between the?

Answer 10

NET FILTRATION & NET ABSORPTION PRESSURE

Question 11

The changes associated with edema are dependent on:

Answer 11

• the severity of edema
• the rapidity of onset,
• the extent,
• the anatomic location, and
• the underlying cause of edema.

Question 12

often more evident in the:

Answer 12

1. subcutaneous tissue,
2. lungs
3. brain.

Question 13

– fixative of choice to retain edema lesion.

Answer 13

BOUINS FLUID

Question 14

an inflammatory effusion or edema characterized
by, high protein content, increased specific gravity
& increased number of inflammatory cells

Answer 14

EXUDATE,

Question 15

exudate is a type of ?

Answer 15

ACTIVE PROCESS

Question 16

-a non-inflammatory effusion or edema
characterized by:
* Low protein content
* Low specific gravity
* Low or absence on inflammatory cells

Answer 16

TRANSUDATE

Question 17

what type of process is transudate?

Answer 17

PASSIVE PROCESS

Question 18

refers to a local increase in the volume of blood in
tissues due to dilation of the small blood vessels,

Answer 18

HYPEREMIA

Question 19

occurs following an increase in demand for more blood as
in the stomach and intestines during digestion, in the stimulation of erectile
tissues, and in the fleeting and pleasing neurovascular dilatation called blushing.

Answer 19

PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPEREMIA

Question 20

on the other hand occurs as a manifestation of some
alterations in blood flow characteristics. These
include those observed during inflammation, in cardiac failure, and obstructive
venous diseases.

Answer 20

PATHOLOGICAL HYPEREMIA

Question 21

Three factors are considered in the classification of pathological hyperemia, and
includes the following:

Answer 21

1. Duration of hyperemia (acute or chronic)
2. Extent of hyperemia (general or local)
3. The underlying mechanism (active or passive)

Question 22

Occurs in inflammation, and is due to
engorgement of the vascular bed following an increase in arteriolar flow into the area. Characterized by bright color of tissue due to well oxygenated blood

Answer 22

Acute Local Active Hyperemia.

Question 23

This refers to passive engorgement of
the drainage area due to obstruction in the venous drainage.

Answer 23

ACUTE LOCAL PASSIVE HYPEREMIA

Question 24

organ system develops chronic inflammatory lesions which progress to fibrosis and therefore, obstruction or impediment in the tissue’s venous drainage, chronic local passive hyperemia occurs.

Answer 24

CHRONIC GENERAL PASSIVE HYPEREMIA or
CONGESTIVE HEARTH FAILURE

Question 25

major site of CHRONIC GENERAL PASSIVE HYPEREMIA

Answer 25

HEART & LUNGS

Question 26

the liver will show generalized congestion and could result to necrosis of periacinar (or centrilobular) hepatocytes, in a characteristic gross appearance as “nutmeg liver”.

Answer 26

RIGHT SIDE CHF

Question 27

the lungs will show severe congestion and edema, and in some, hydrothorax could be seen.

Answer 27

LEFT SIDE CHF

Question 28

The term hemorrhage obviously implies rupture of a blood vessel

Answer 28

HEMORRHAGE BY RHEXIS

Question 29

Yet, blood could also be lost from the blood vessels through a passive process known as

Answer 29

HEMORRHAGE by DIAPEDESIS

Question 30

usual cause of hemorrhage, where blood vessels are ruptured or a rant is created.

Answer 30

TRAUMA

Question 31

Deficiencies in blood coagulation factors such as prothrombin following vitamin K deficiency and in liver disease cause a condition called

Answer 31

HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS

Question 32

clinical significance of hemorrhage depends on:

Answer 32

location of hemorrhage volume of blood lost rate of blood lost

Question 33

is the formation of ante mortem clot within the blood vessels,

Answer 33

THROMBOSIS

Question 34

clot form is called

Answer 34

thrombus

Question 35

plural of thrombus

Answer 35

thrombi

Question 36

or the arrest of hemorrhage by clot formation involves five essential steps:

Answer 36

1. vascular contraction, 2. stasis of blood, 3. endothelial adhesion, 4. blood coagulation, and 5. platelet aggregation.

Question 37

This mechanism involves the components normally present in the plasma,

Answer 37

INTRINSIC CLOTTING FACTORS

Question 38

this mechanism that involves tissue component in addition to the components from the blood.

Answer 38

EXTRINSIC CLOTTING FACTOR

Question 39

These two systems have a pathway centering on the activation of Factor X (Stuart-Prower factor) into a common pathway that leads to fibrin formation

Answer 39

intrinsic & extrinsic clotting factors

Question 40

Central to both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, its activation marks the point of convergence and initiation of the common pathway

Answer 40

Factor X (Stuart-Prower Factor):

Question 41

The end product of the coagulation cascade, it forms a clot by intertwining with blood cells, plugging the wound and stopping bleeding

Answer 41

FIBRIN

Question 42

the non-thrombogenic properties of intact endothelial lining cells is due to the carbohydrate-rich cell coat (glycocalyx) that prevents circulating cells from adhering to the surface.

Answer 42

Glycocalyx Theory

Question 43

the negatively-charged surface of endothelial lining lead to a mutual electrostatic repulsion between two sets of negatively charged cells (endothelia and blood cells).

Answer 43

Surface Negativity Theory

Question 44

– Endothelial cells have the ability to synthesize prostacyclin (PGI2), a prostaglandin that prevent platelet aggregation by converting platelet aggregation factors (endoperoxidase and thromboxane A2) into unstable substances.

Answer 44

Surveillance System Theory

Question 45

a prostaglandin that prevent platelet aggregation by converting platelet aggregation factors (endoperoxidase and thromboxane A2) into unstable substances.

Answer 45

prostacylin

Question 45

are three major determinants in the pathogenesis of thrombosis and are traditionally called the

Answer 45

Virchow's triad

Question 46

Injury to the vessel wall triggers reactions involving endothelial cells, platelets, coagulation factors, and fibrin, leading to vasoconstriction and the formation of blood clots.

Answer 46

vascular damage

Question 47

alters blood rheology and favor thrombosis.

Answer 47

Venous stasis

Question 48

commonly known as serotonin

Answer 48

5-hydroxytryptamine

Question 49

norm blood pH is maintained between

Answer 49

7.35 and 7.45

Question 50

main buffer system

Answer 50

bicarbonate and carbonic acid.

Question 51

Excess of bicarbonate, or a deficiency of carbonic acid, leads to severe alkylosis at a blood pH of about

Answer 51

7.8 pH

Question 52

occurs following prolonged vomiting with loss of acid.

Answer 52

Metabolic alkylosis