CAUSES OF CELLULAR INJURY

Question 1

most important and common causes of cell injury and cell
death.,causes impairment of oxidative respiration, ie it interferes with
energy production.

Answer 1

HYPOXIA

Question 2

hypoxia occurs in?

Answer 2

1.DEFFICIENT BLOOD SUPPLY- ischemia
2. REDUCED OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY - due to anemia & hemoglobin dysfunction
3. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION- cyanide poisoning

Question 3

deficiency of blood supply form impeded arterial flow or reduces venous drainage.

Answer 3

ISCHEMIA

Question 4

localized are of ischemic necrosis

Answer 4

INFARCTION

Question 5

reduction in number volume of erythrocytes or quantity of hemoglobin

Answer 5

ANEMIA

Question 6

methaemoglobinemia (nitrate poisoning)
carboxyhaemoglobinemia ( carbon monoxide poisoning)

Answer 6

HEMOGLOBIN DYSFUNCTION

Question 7

9 causes of cellular injury:

Answer 7

1. HYPOXIA
2. PHYSICAL AGENT
3. CHEMICAL/DRUG & TOXINS
4. INFECTIOUS AGENTS
5. IMUUNOLOGIC REACTIONS
6. GENETIC ABBORMALITIES
7. NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES
8. WORK LOAD IMBALANCES
9. CELL AGING

Question 8

severity of a physical injury may be increased by tissue hypoxia due to associated local vascular injury.

Answer 8

PHYSICAL INJURY

Question 9

4 types of mechanical trauma?

Answer 9

1. DIRECT MECHANICAL TRAUMA- lacerations/crush injuries
2. TEMPERATURE EXTREMES-heat/cold
   3.RADIATION-radioactive isotopic emissions or electromagnetic radiation
3. ELECTROCUTION- lightning strike
4. SUDDEN CHANGE-atmospheric pressure

Question 10

lead, copper, selenium, mercury

Answer 10

INORGANIC POISONS

Question 11

nitrate, nitrite, oxalate, hydrocyanic

Answer 11

ORGANIC POISONS

Question 12

drugfs, pesticides, herbicides, rodenticides

Answer 12

MANUFACTURED CHEMICAL

Question 13

salt, glucose, oxygen

Answer 13

PHYSIOLOGIC COMPOUND

Question 14

ragwort, sweet clover, braken firm

Answer 14

PLANT TOXINS

Question 15

snake, spider venom, tick toxin

Answer 15

ANIMAL TOXINS

Question 16

botulinum toxin, aflatoxin, ergot

Answer 16

BACTERIAL TOXIN

Question 17

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, matazoan parasite are example of?

Answer 17

INFECTIOUS AGENTS

Question 18

immune respones, Hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune disease are example of?

Answer 18

IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS

Question 19

are causes of congenital anomalies.

Answer 19

CYTOGENIC DISORDERS

Question 20

combined effects of environmental factors and 2
or more mutated genes

Answer 20

MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE

Question 21

cytogenic disorders/mendellian disorders and multifactorial inheritance are example of ?

Answer 21

GENETIC ABNORMALITIES

Question 22

deficiencies of protein-calories (starvation), vitamins (A to E) minerals (eg copper).

Answer 22

DEFICIENCIES

Question 23

eg excess lipids / calories → obesity, diabetes,
atherosclerosis, etc.

Answer 23

OVERNUTRITION

Question 24

cell injury occurs if stimulus prolonged and/or exceeds ability to adapt.

Answer 24

OVERWORKED CELLS

Question 25

prolonged lack of stimulation can lead to atrophy and eventually the loss of cells.

Answer 25

UNWORKED CELLS

Question 26

the cumulative effects of a life time of cell damage leads to a diminished capacity of aged cells / tissues to
maintain homeostasis and adapt to harmful stimuli

Answer 26

CELL AGING

Question 27

recite the double “MINT”

Answer 27

M-malformation
M-miscellanous
I-infection
I-immune
N-nutrition
N-neoplastic
T-trauma
T-toxicty