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Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Why are infectious disease is particularly tragic?

A

They are largely preventable and treatable.

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2
Q

Infectious agent is a disease causing organisms

A

Pathogen

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3
Q

Diseases transmitted by human contact

A

Contagious, or communicable

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4
Q

Diseases that cannot be transmitted directly from person to person

A

Noncommunicable

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5
Q

The study of the transmission, occurrence, distribution, and control of disease.

A

Epidemiology

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6
Q

Number of new cases of a disease in a population

A

Incidence

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7
Q

The number of existing cases of a disease

A

Prevalence

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8
Q

When a disease always occurs at low levels in the population, it is said to be

A

Endemic

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9
Q

It’s a disease occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area, it is a

A

Epidemic

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10
Q

When an epidemic has spread to include several large areas worldwide, it is said to be

A

Pandemic

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11
Q

When a disease suddenly occurs in unexpected numbers in a limited area and then subsides

A

Outbreak

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12
Q

Certain diseases that are under constant surveillance in the United States

A

Notifiable diseases

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13
Q

The source of an infectious agent

A

Reservoir

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14
Q

Examples of reservoirs

A

Humans, animals, insects, soil, and water

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15
Q

Infectious disease is that can be transmitted directly from an infected human to a susceptible human

A

Horizontal transmission

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16
Q

Diseases transmitted to newborns from infected mothers

A

Vertical transmission

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17
Q

What’s the most frequent and easiest portal of entry for pathogens?

A

Respiratory tract

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18
Q

Punctures, injections, bites, and surgery can allow microorganisms to be deposited directly into the tissues below the skin

A

Parenteral route

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19
Q

Inanimate object that is contaminated by direct contact with the reservoir

A

Fomites

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20
Q

Short for proteinaceous infectious particle, is an infectious agent composed only of protein

A

Prion

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21
Q

Disease caused by a prion

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

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22
Q

Infectious particles made of core of genetic material wrapped in a protein coat (capsid)

A

Viruses

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23
Q

The viruses insert themselves in cells and do not reproduce. At this time, no signs and symptoms may be present until a trigger activates the virus.

A

Latent infection

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24
Q

Microscopic, single celled organisms

A

Bacteria

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25
Q

What are the different shapes of bacteria?

A

Spherical (cocci), rod shaped (bacilli), spiral shaped (spirilla), corkscrew shaped (spirochetes), comma shaped (vibrios)

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26
Q

Thick cell walls turn blue-purple and thin-walled cells become red; thus, bacteria can be identified using this technique.

A

Gram stain

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27
Q

Many bacteria secrete on their surface of a substance, also called sugarcoat

A

Glycocalyx

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28
Q

Often protect bacteria from the phagocytosis by host cells

A

Capsule

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29
Q

Aid in attachment of bacteria to surfaces

A

Slime layer

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30
Q

A particularly potent Thompson that causes life-threatening shock, produced by bacteria

A

Endotoxin

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31
Q

Process in which bacteria grow rapidly and reproduce by splitting in half

A

Binary fission

32
Q

Single celled eukaryotic microorganisms

A

Protozoa

33
Q

Single celled or multicelled organisms with cell walls contain special polysaccharide called chitin.

A

Fungi

34
Q

Another name for fungal infections

A

Mycoses

35
Q

Parasitic worms

A

Helminths

36
Q

Hospital acquired infections

A

Nosocomial infection

37
Q

Treatment for infectious diseases

A

Bacterial infections can be treated with a variety of antibiotics

38
Q

Treatment for viruses

A

Some antiviral drugs act as nucleic acid analogs

39
Q

Treatment for fungal infections

A

Antifungal drugs target fungal walls and membranes but can affect human cells as well

40
Q

Treatment for protozoan infections

A

Treated with drugs that interfere with protein synthesis and metabolism

40
Q

Known diseases that have reappeared after a significant decline in incidence

A

Reemerging infectious diseases

41
Q

A highly contagious disease caused by the rubeola virus. Is spread by respiratory droplets or airborne transmission.

A

Measles

42
Q

Signs and symptoms of measles

A

Fever, cough, runny nose, and fatigue, followed by a rash that usually begins on the head and spreads over the body. Grayish spots, called Koplik spots, develop inside the mouth. Diagnosis is based on history of exposure and physical examination.

43
Q

Is there a cure for measles?

A

There is no cure, but usually runs it’s course in 7 to 10 days, and can be prevented with the MMR vaccine

44
Q

Caused by the rubella virus. Is highly contagious and spread by respiratory droplets, by airborne transmission, and can be transmitted from pregnant women to their fetus.

A

Rubella (German measles or three day measles)

45
Q

What happens when a pregnant woman gets rubella?

A

It may cause congenital rubella syndrome, with potentially devastating consequences for the developing fetus.

46
Q

Symptoms and signs of rubella

A

Develop a rash that appears is either pink or light red spots, which may merge to form evenly colored patches. Symptoms found in teens and adults may include headache; loss of appetite; mild conjunctivitis, a stuffy or runny nose with pain and swelling

47
Q

How do you treat rubella?

A

Treatment is supportive and may include pain relievers and fever reducers.

48
Q

But how do I prevent rubella?

A

With the MMR vaccine, stupid!

49
Q

A highly contagious BACTERIAL infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. Is spread by direct contact with respiratory droplets.

A

Whooping cough

50
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of whooping cough?

A

Runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, and low-grade fever. After a few weeks, the cough develops into coughing spells that end with a working sound when the patient breeds in. It is diagnosed by surveillance and bacterial cultures of nose and throat.

51
Q

How do you treat whooping cough?

A

With use of antibiotics (because it’s a bacterial infection)

52
Q

How do I prevent whooping cough?

A

With the DTaP vaccine

53
Q

A highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and is primarily spread by respiratory droplets.

A

Diphtheria

54
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Diphtheria?

A

Low-grade fever and a sore throat. Bacteria produce a toxin that can cause a thick coating in the nose, throat, or airway that may hinder breathing and swallowing. This toxin may damage the heart, kidneys, and nervous system. 50% of patients who do not get treatment die.

55
Q

How do you treat diphtheria?

A

Because it’s a bacterial infection, use of antibiotics and antitoxins will treat this.

56
Q

How do you treat Diphtheria?

A

With the DTaP vaccine

57
Q

Need bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani. This bacteria is found in contaminated soil and animal excrement and enters the body via wounds.

A

Tetanus

58
Q

How can I tell if someone has tetanus?

A

Bacteria produce a toxin that affects the nervous system, causing stiff neck, lock jaw, muscle spasms, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis is based on history of exposure, and signs with symptoms.

59
Q

How do you treat tetanus?

A

With antibiotics and injection of tetanus immunoglobulin.

60
Q

How do I treat tetanus?

A

With the DTaP vaccine.

61
Q

A highly contagious VIRAL infection caused by the varicella zoster virus. Is spread by direct contact, droplet transmission, and airborne transmission.

A

Chickenpox

62
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of chickenpox?

A

Symptoms begin with a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, fever, and a cough. A few days later and itchy rash appears on the chest and face. At first looks like pinkish dots that quickly develop with a blister on top. Person is contagious from up to 48 hours before initial ration occurs.

63
Q

How do I treat chickenpox?

A

Treatment is supportive and include treatments to control scratching, pain relievers, and fever reducers.

64
Q

Is there a vaccine for the varicella zoster virus?

A

Yes

65
Q

What bacterium causes disease including meningitis and pneumonia?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

66
Q

How does Hib spread?

A

By respiratory droplets. This causes fever, chills, lack of appetite, extreme sleepiness, severe headache, and stiff neck or back. Severe cases may cause mental confusion, convulsions, shock, and coma.

67
Q

How do you treat someone with Hib?

A

With antibiotics, and a vaccine is available

68
Q

Caused by the poliovirus

A

Poliomyelitis. Is transmitted by direct person-to-person contact or by indirect contact with infectious saliva or feces or with contaminated sewage or water.

69
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of polio?

A

It is asymptomatic in 95% of cases. However, patients may have sore throat, fever, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Some patients may develop acute flaccid paralysis. limbs appear loose and floppy.

70
Q

Can you treat someone with polio?

A

Treatment is supportive and maybe including release. A vaccine is available for polio.

71
Q

A bacterium that causes diseases including meningitis and upper and lower respiratory disease.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

72
Q

Signs and symptoms of streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Chills, fever, headache, your pain, cough, chest pain, disorientation, shortness of breath, occasional stiff neck.

73
Q

Can you treat someone with streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Yes, with antibiotics, although antibiotic resistance is a problem. There is a vaccine available for this bacterium.

74
Q

Review questions on page 52

A

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Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach (16 decks)

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