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Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach > Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

Which accessory organs are included in the gastrointestinal system?

A

Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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2
Q

Bile is not an enzyme, but what?

A

Emulsifier

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3
Q

Is a protective mechanism, a response to the presence of an irritant or infection, a distention, or a blockage.

A

Vomiting

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4
Q

The frequent passage of watery stools and results when the contents of the small intestine nine are rushed through the large intestine.

A

Diarrhea

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5
Q

What causes diarrhea?

A

Anxiety and stress can trigger increase motility of the large intestine. Intestinal infections and food poisoning also can increase intestinal motility or impair water absorption.

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6
Q

The inability to eliminate feces from the colon and results when feces become hard and dry.

A

Constipation

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7
Q

What causes constipation?

A

Poor habits of elimination, dehydration, and low fiber diets may cause constipation.

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8
Q

Varicose veins in the lining of the rectum near the anus. Can be internal or external.

A

Hemorrhoids

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9
Q

What causes hemorrhoids?

A

Causes include heredity, poor dietary habits, inadequate fiber, overuse of laxatives, and the lack of exercise.

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10
Q

Refers to the widespread inflammation of oral tissue. May appear as patches, ulcers, redness, bleeding, or necrosis.

A

Oral inflammation, or stomatitis

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11
Q

What causes stomatitis?

A

Caused by a local infection of the mouth with bacteria, viruses, or fungi, or it may be a sign of a systemic infection. Spread in salivary and respiratory droplets.

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of stomatitis?

A

Pain makes eating, drinking, and swallowing difficult.

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13
Q

How do you treat stomatitis?

A

Aimed at reducing inflammation and pain with systemic anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications or topical anesthetics.

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13
Q

The most common form of oral cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Most of these cancers appear on the floor of the mouth, tongue, and a lower lip. An aggressive form of the cancer occurs on the upper lip.

A

Cancer of the mouth

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14
Q

What causes cancer of the mouth?

A

Cause remains unknown, it is clear that tobacco, smokeless tobacco, and alcohol use are major risk factors, and it appears that use of alcohol and tobacco in combination increases the risk.

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15
Q

How do you treat cancer of the mouth?

A

Treatment for lip and tongue cancer includes surgical removal. Radiation therapy maybe used to treat local cancers of the floor of the mouth.

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16
Q

Occurs most commonly in men over 60 and is nearly always fatal. This narrows the esophageal lumen, causing the principal symptom, dysphagia. The obstruction causes vomiting, a bad taste in the mouth, and bad breath. Is accompanied by weight loss and inability to eat.

A

Cancer of the esophagus

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17
Q

What’s so bad about esophageal cancer?

A

The cancer frequently metastasizes, early, into adjacent organs. The prognosis for this cancer is poor.

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18
Q

Varicose vein’s that develop in the esophagus. Cirrhosis of the liver is the chief cause of this, which impairs blood flow through the liver and elevates pressure in the veins of the abdomen and elsewhere, including the esophagus.

A

Esophageal varices

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19
Q

What is the most serious danger of esophageal varices?

A

Hemorrhage

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20
Q

How do you treat esophageal varices?

A

Surgical bypass of a portal vein to systemic circulation may reduce pressure in the veins and stop bleeding, but will not repair liver damage.

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21
Q

Inflammation of the esophagus, causes burning chest pain, heartburn, which can resemble the pain of heart disease. Pain may follow eating or drinking, and some vomiting may occur.

A

Esophagitis

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22
Q

What causes esophagitis?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, caused by incompetent cardiac sphincter

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23
Q

How do you treat GERD?

A

Non-irritating diet, antacids, and acid reducing medications. Frequent small meals are recommended.

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24
Q

The protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm at the point where the esophagus joins the stomach. Caused by either a congenital defect of the diaphragm for increased intra-abdominal pressure associated with obesity.

A

Hiatal hernia

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25
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of a hiatal hernia?

A

Indigestion and heartburn may occur after eating; shortness of breath may also occur.

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26
Q

How do you treat hiatal hernia?

A

Aimed to reduce symptoms. Most effective treatment is cholinergic drugs which strengthen the cardiac sphincter and reduced reflux after eating. Patients should avoid spicy foods and caffeine and those obese should lose weight.

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27
Q

An inflammation of the stomach frequently accompanied by vomiting of blood. Caused by irritants like aspirin, excessive coughing, tobacco, alcohol, or infection.

A

Gastritis

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28
Q

How do you treat gastritis?

A

Includes avoiding the aforementioned irritants and treating infections. If bleeding is involved, surgery required.

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29
Q

A generative condition in which the stomach lining does not secrete intrinsic factor (helps absorb vitamin B12) and hydrochloric acid (aids in protein digestion)

A

Chronic atrophic gastritis

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30
Q

How do you treat chronic atrophic gastritis?

A

Underlying diseases or causes should be eliminated.

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31
Q

What causes chronic atrophic gastritis?

A

May be caused by stomach cancer, chronic alcoholism, or chronic exposure to certain irritants like alcohol, aspirin, and certain foods. Degeneration of stomach lining causes no production of HCL and its intrinsic factor.

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32
Q

Ulcers of the stomach

A

Peptic ulcers

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33
Q

What causes peptic ulcers?

A

Has three main causes, including infection, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and an inherited disorder of acid hypersecretion. Irritated and inflamed mucous membranes maybe come necrotic, leaving a hole.

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34
Q

What is a serious ulcer complication where it perforates, or breaks through the intestinal orgastic wall?

A

Perforating ulcer

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35
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of peptic ulcer?

A

Heartburn and indigestion, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and blood in the stools.

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36
Q

An inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Symptoms include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Maybe caused by bacterial or viral infection, chemical toxins, lactose intolerance, or other food allergy.

A

Gastroenteritis

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37
Q

How do you treat a peptic ulcer?

A

Acid reducers and antacids work well. However, antibiotic therapy in combination with acid reducers is required to eradicate bacteria.

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38
Q

How do you treat gastroenteritis?

A

Treatment replaces fluid and nutritional requirements, including the loss of salts. Anti-spasmodic medications control vomiting and diarrhea.

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39
Q

Food contaminated with human or animal feces may carry microorganisms that cause gastroenteritis or

A

Food poisoning

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40
Q

How do you prevent food poisoning?

A

Cook meat thoroughly and practice good hygiene in the kitchen.

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41
Q

May be a large mass projecting into the lumen of the stomach, or it may invade the stomach wall, causing it to sicken. As the tumor grows, the lumen narrows to the point of obstruction. Remainder of stomach becomes extremely dilated and pain results from pressure on nerve endings.

A

Cancer of the stomach

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42
Q

What is dangerous about cancer of the stomach?

A

Because pain is not an early sign, carcinoma of the stomach may be very advanced before it is detected. It may spread to the liver and surrounding organs through the lymph and blood vessels.

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43
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of cancer of the stomach?

A

Loss of appetite, heartburn, and general stomach distress. Blood maybe vomited or appears in the feces. Pernicious anemia generally accompanies this because the gastric mucosal cells to secrete intrinsic factor.

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44
Q

What causes cancer of the stomach?

A

Etiology is not known, but research suggests an association with consumption of preserved, salted, cured foods and low diets of fresh fruit and vegetables.

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45
Q

An acute and painful inflammation of the appendix. Can occur at any age, more common for males before puberty to age 25.

A

Appendicitis

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46
Q

What causes appendicitis?

A

Obstruction with fecal material and infections cause the appendix to become swollen, red, and covered with an inflammatory exudate. Is it possible for gangrene to develop.

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47
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of appendicitis?

A

Nausea, vomiting, fever between 99 and 102°, and elevated white blood cell count.

48
Q

How do you treat appendicitis?

A

Surgery must be performed before rapture occurs. Untreated is fatal.

49
Q

The inability to absorb fat or some other substance from the small intestine.

A

Malabsorption syndrome

50
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of malabsorption syndrome?

A

Lack of energy and inability to maintain weight. Because that is not absorbed, feces result in unformed, fatty, pale stools with foul odor.

51
Q

How do you treat malabsorption syndrome?

A

Depends on cause, and diet is carefully controlled. Supplements are administered with fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.

52
Q

What causes malabsorption syndrome?

A

Congenitally abnormal intestinal mucosa or malabsorption secondary to diseases of pancreas or gallbladder. Blocked pancreatic duct deprives small intestine of lipase which absorbs fats.

53
Q

Is associated with gluten intolerance and is characterized by poor nutrient absorption.

A

Celiac disease

54
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of celiac disease?

A

Recurrent diarrhea, gas, abdominal cramps, and systemic signs of malnutrition due to low caloric intake and an poor absorption of vitamins.

55
Q

What causes celiac disease?

A

Seems to be genetic, maybe involved in mean dysfunction, affects twice as many females as males, and is more common among whites of European ancestry.

56
Q

How do you treat celiac disease?

A

Involves elimination of gluten from the diet, fluid replacement, and vitamin supplements.

57
Q

Is an inflammation of the diverticula. Occurs when the sacs become impacted with fecal material and the bacteria.

A

Diverticulitis

59
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of diverticulitis?

A

Low, cramp like pain. Intestine narrows, obstruction can develop, and abscesses frequently form.

59
Q

Is an inflammatory disease of the intestine that most frequently affects the upper colon and sometimes the distal end of the ileum. May be caused by allergies, immune disorders, or stress, but exact cause is unknown.

A

Regional enteritis (Crohn’s disease)

60
Q

How do you treat diverticulitis?

A

Antibiotic therapy, together with a controlled diet

61
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Crohn’s disease?

A

Inflammation progresses, intestinal walls become thick and rigid. Lumen narrows and chronic obstruction develops. Pain resembles that of appendicitis occurring in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen where a tender mass maybe felt. Diarrhea alternates with constipation, and may show melena.

62
Q

How do you treat Crohn’s disease?

A

Usually treated with anti-inflammatory medications. Surgery is performed to correct complications like obstruction, perforation, or massive hemorrhage. Ileostomy is necessary if a large intestine is severely damaged.

63
Q

Is a serious inflammation of the colon, characterized by extensive ulceration of the colon and rectum.

A

Chronic ulcerative colitis

65
Q

What causes chronic ulcerative colitis?

A

Idiopathic; thought to be autoimmune, stress related, or food allergy related

66
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of chronic ulcerative colitis?

A

Diarrhea with: pus, blood and mucus, with cramping in lower abdomen

66
Q

Is a leading cause of death from cancer in United States and fourth leading cause of cancer in the United States.

A

Cancer of the colon and rectum

67
Q

How do you treat chronic ulcerative colitis?

A

Corticosteroids, stress reduction, diet management, colostomy

68
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of colorectal cancer?

A

Change in bowel habits, diarrhea, or constipation is symptomatic. As tumor grows, abdominal discomfort and pressure. Blood often appears in stools and may cause anemia. May obstruct lumen.

69
Q

Is a hereditary disease in which numerous polyps develop in the intestinal tract. Usually gives no symptoms unless malignancy develops, and increased risk for cancer of the colon.

A

Familial polyposis

70
Q

How do you treat colorectal cancer?

A

Just like all other cancers, early detection and treatment are essential to prevent it spread. Chemotherapy is used when the tumor has metastasized or if residual masses remain in operable. Sections of colon may be removed, a colostomy may be necessary.

71
Q

Are classed as organic when there is some material blockage, or as paralytic, in which case there is a decrease in peristalsis, preventing the propulsion of intestinal contents.

A

Intestinal obstructions

72
Q

The intestine becomes twisted on itself, may be unwound surgically.

A

Volvulus

73
Q

The linking of two surfaces normally separate, can distort the tract. May follow surgery, when fibrous connective tissue grows around the incision.

A

Adhesions

74
Q

Another type of organic obstruction, in which a segment of intestine telescopes into the part forward of it.

A

Intussusception

75
Q

How do you treat intestinal obstructions?

A

Sometimes can be relieved by suction tube, but frequently surgery is required.

76
Q

A relatively common condition, marked by diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and gas.

A

Spastic colon (irritable bowel syndrome)

77
Q

What is the difference between spastic colon, and the other gastrointestinal diseases?

A

Spastic colon has no lesion, no tumor, or ulceration. It is a functional disorder of motility, the movement of the colon. Pain is probably caused by muscle spasms of the wall of the intestine.

78
Q

What causes spastic colon?

A

Abuse of laxatives and consumption of certain foods and beverages, particularly caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, fatty foods, and concentrated orange juice can irritate the bowel. Emotional stress has adverse effect on digestive system.

79
Q

How do you treat spastic colon?

A

Add fiber to aid in constipation. Avoid stressful situations with tension relieving activities, sports, hobbies, or regular exercise.

80
Q

Is an acute inflammation of the colon. The major symptom is diarrhea containing pass, blood, and mucus accompanied by severe abdominal pain.

A

Dysentery

81
Q

What causes dysentery?

A

Bacteria, parasitic worms, and other microorganisms can cause dysentery.

82
Q

How do you treat dysentery?

A

Antibiotics can be effective for bacillary dysentery, and amebicides are used for amoebic dysentery.

83
Q

What are the specialized cells within the liver that engulf and digest bacteria and other foreign substances and thus cleanse the blood?

A

Kupffer cells

84
Q

Also known as icterus, is a yellow or orange discoloration of the skin, tissues, and whites of the eyes. Is caused by build up of bilirubin, a pigment normally secreted in bile and removed through feces.

A

Jaundice

85
Q

What are the causes of jaundice?

A

Normal flow of bile from gallbladder to do wad number may be obstructed by tumor, a gallstone, or congenital defect. Because by I’ll cannot move, it leaks into the blood, and colors the plasma. This reaches the kidneys and gives urine a dark color and stools a clay colour.

86
Q

Inflammation of the liver, is caused by a number of factors, including several viruses. Important causes are virus A, virus B, virus C, and virus D. Virus E is uncommon in the US.

A

Viral hepatitis

87
Q

What causes hepatitis A?

A

The virus is excreted in the stools and urine, infecting soil and water.

89
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of hepatitis A?

A

Anorexia, nausea, mild fever, jaundice, hepatomegaly

90
Q

How do you treat hepatitis A?

A

Immunoglobulin injections provide temporary protection for people exposed to it. A vaccine now in use. (Same in hepatitis B)

91
Q

What causes hepatitis B?

A

Blood-borne through transfusions, or sexually transmitted

92
Q

How do you treat hepatitis B?

A

Immunoglobulin injections for exposures and infections, vaccines for prevention

93
Q

What causes hepatitis C?

A

Blood-borne through transfusions, or sexually transmitted

94
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of hepatitis C?

A

Initial symptoms are similar to those of hepatitis A or B, but disease persists for months, even years. Patients may develop cirrhosis and can lead to end-stage liver disease.

95
Q

How do you treat hepatitis C?

A

Interferon injections and oral ribavirin.

96
Q

What causes hepatitis D?

A

Transmission is known to be similar to that of hepatitis B.

97
Q

What happens in hepatitis D?

A

The resulting disease is more serious and more frequently progresses to chronic liver disease.

98
Q

Is a very rare in that it states. Major epidemics occur in Africa, Asia, and Mexico, where it is transmitted primarily through fecal contaminated drinking water. No effective treatment or vaccine exists.

A

Hepatitis E

99
Q

Is a chronic destruction of liver cells and tissues with a nodular, bumpy regeneration. Liver loses organization and cannot function. Liver cells die and are replaced by fibrous connective tissue and scar tissue.

A

Cirrhosis of the liver

100
Q

What causes cirrhosis?

A

Chronic alcoholism is the leading cause of cirrhosis, other diseases can also cause this, such as severe chronic hepatitis.

101
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of hepatitis B?

A

Symptoms are similar to virus A, but develop more slowly.

102
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of cirrhosis?

A

Circulation through liver is impaired. This results in high pressure builds in vessels of the abdomen and other areas. Esophageal veins swell, forming varices. Abdominal organs also swell. May lead to hemorrhage, and this leads to hematemesis. Stomach distended due to ascites

103
Q

Is a primary malignancy of the liver thought it was rare but has a high mortality rate. Most prevalent in men over age 60. Cause chiefly by viral hepatitis and cirrhosis.

A

Cancer of the liver (hepatocarcinoma)

104
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of liver cancer?

A

Bile duct obstruction, pain in upper abdomen, jaundice, impaired clotting, ascites, weight loss

105
Q

Are precipitated by all components in the gallbladder and bile ducts. Stones arise in the gallbladder when the bile composition changes or when gallbladder muscle activity reduces, as it made during pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, diabetes, obesity, cirrhosis, and pancreatitis.

A

Gallstones (cholelithiasis)

106
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of gallstones?

A

Small stones can enter the common bile duct and cause an obstruction with excruciating pain.

107
Q

How do you treat gallstones?

A

Usual treatment is surgical removal of the gallbladder. Administering a solubilizing agent into bile duct may dissolve remaining stones.

108
Q

Inflammation of the gallbladder usually associated with gallstones. Gallbladder becomes extremely swollen, causing pain under the right rib cage that radiates to the right shoulder.

A

Cholecystitis

109
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of cholecystitis?

A

Nausea, upper right abdominal pain especially after eating a fatty meal; indigestion, and belching

110
Q

How do you treat cholecystitis?

A

Cholecystectomy is best solution.

111
Q

Is a serious, painful inflammation of the pancreas.

A

Pancreatitis

112
Q

What causes pancreatitis?

A

idiopathic; associated with alcoholism, peptic ulcers, or gallbladder disease.

113
Q

How do you treat cirrhosis?

A

There is no effective treatment for psoriasis. Further damage can be prevented by treating alcoholism or liver infections that are the root of cirrhosis. Symptoms may also be treated.

114
Q

How do you treat pancreatitis?

A

Aimed at maintaining circulation to the pancreas and surrounding tissues, analgesics, IV nutrients

115
Q

Has a high mortality rate. Is linked to cigarette smoking, high protein and fat diets, food additives, and exposure to industrial chemicals. Chronic alcohol abuse, chronic pancreatitis, and diabetes mellitus increase risk.

A

Cancer of the pancreas (adenocarcinoma)

116
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of pancreatic cancer?

A

Jaundice, malabsorption. Pain experienced as tumor grows in upper abdomen.

117
Q

What is the treatment for pancreatic cancer?

A

Treatment, which is rarely successful, include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

118
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of pancreatitis?

A

Acute, sharp, intense pain radiates to the back, nausea and vomiting, jaundice and malabsorption

119
Q

Review questions on page 230

A

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Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach (16 decks)

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