Diseases And Disorders Of The Reproductive System Flashcards
The pelvic reproductive organs become inflamed due to bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic invasion. The infection can send to the cervix, the endometrium, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Most common cause is STIs.
Pelvic inflammatory disease
What are the symptoms and signs of pelvic inflammatory disease?
Most common symptom is lower abdominal pain. Other symptoms and signs include fever, unusual vaginal discharge that may have a foul odor, painful intercourse, painful urination, and irregular menstrual bleeding.
What can pelvic inflammatory disease cause?
Can cause serious complications. If untreated, can cause scar tissue formation, which interrupts normal movement of eggs into the uterus. Infertility also can occur if the fallopian tubes are partially blocked or even slightly damaged.
How do you treat pelvic inflammatory disease?
STIs are the main preventable cause. Treatment includes antibiotics, however this treatment does not reverse damage that has already occurred.
Is cancer of the cervix that begins in the lining of the cervix. Carcinoma in situ is the earliest stage of this cancer in which the underlying tissue has not been invaded. The cancer can spread to surrounding organs.
Cervical cancer
What causes cervical cancer?
Most important risk factor is infection by HPV. Women who smoke are twice as likely to get cervical cancer. Is diagnosed through Pap test.
How do you treat cervical cancer?
May include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system.
Endometrial cancer
What causes endometrial cancer?
Cause is not known. Most endometrial cancers are hormone driven. A shift in the balance between estrogen and progesterone toward more estrogen increases a woman’s risk for having endometrial cancer. Risk factors include total number of menstrual cycles, few pregnancies or infertility, estrogen therapy, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and obesity.
What are the symptoms and signs of endometrial cancer?
Ulcerations develop, and erosion of blood vessels causes vaginal bleeding. Other symptoms include non-bloody vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and weight loss.
How do you treat endometrial cancer?
Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy are possible treatments.
Benign tumors of the smooth muscle of the uterus, leiomyomas are the most common tumors of the female reproductive system. Range in size from quarter of an inch to the size of a cantaloupe.
Fibroid tumors of the uterus
What are the symptoms and signs of fibroid tumors of the uterus?
Most women do not experience any symptoms, but may include excessive vaginal bleeding, pelvic pressure, abdominal pain, abdominal enlargement, and pain during intercourse.
What causes fibroid tumors of the uterus?
Cause is unknown, although their growth is stimulated by estrogen.
How do you treat fibroid tumors of the uterus?
Birth control pills can decrease the bleeding cause my fibroids. Focused ultrasound surgery destroys fibroids using high-frequency sound waves. Endometrial Appalacian destroys the lining of the address and reduces the amount of bleeding during menstruation. Removal
The ovaries are a common site for cancer to develop, but their position deep in the pelvis makes early detection of the tumor difficult. Extensive metastasis often occurs before there are noticeable symptoms.
Ovarian cancer
What are the symptoms and signs of ovarian cancer?
Bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, trouble eating or feeling full quickly, and changes in urinary urgency or frequency.
What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
Age, obesity, early menstruation, late menopause, not having children or having first child after age 30, family history of cancer, and personal history of breast cancer.
How do you treat ovarian cancer?
Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy
Is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women, exceeded only by lung cancer.
Breast cancer
What are the symptoms and signs of breast cancer?
Most common sign is lump or mass. Others include swelling of all or part of the breast, skin irritation and dimpling, breast or nipple pain, nipple retraction, redness, scaliness, or thickening of the nipple or breast skin, a discharge other than breastmilk, and the swelling of the lymph nodes in the armpit.
What is the cause of breast cancer?
Cause is not known, risk factors include gender, age, and genetic risk factors.
How do you treat breast cancer?
May include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and hormone therapy. Lump ectomy removes only the breast lump and surrounding margin of tissue. Breast conservation therapy is as effective as mastectomy.
Are the most common benign tumor of the breast. Are solid and firm and are usually painless. Are most common in young women in their 20s and 30s but may occur at any age.
Fibroadenomas
What causes fibroadenomas?
Cause is unknown, and there are no known preventative measures. They often stop growing or even shrink on their own without any treatment, and they may not require removal.
Are tiny, fluid filled sacs within the breast tissue. Are oval or round, smooth and firm, and they move slightly when pressed.
Breast cysts
What causes breast cysts?
Cause is not known, and there are no known preventative measures.
How do you treat breast cysts?
May resolve spontaneously or may need to be surgically removed.
Are characterized by breasts that are lumpy. The cause is not known, but estrogen and progesterone may play a role.
Fibrocystic changes
What are the symptoms and how do you treat fibrocystic changes?
For most women with no symptoms, no treatment is needed. Women with mild discomfort may benefit from wearing a supportive bra or taking OTC pain relievers.
Is the absence of menstrual periods and is known as primary amenorrhea if menstruation fails to begin by age 16.
Amenorrhea
What causes amenorrhea?
Include chromosomal abnormality’s, problems with the hypothalamus, pituitary disease, lack of reproductive organs, or structural abnormality of the vagina.
What is secondary amenorrhea?
The cessation of menstrual periods, for 3 to 6 months or more, once they have begun.
What causes secondary amenorrhea?
Pregnancy, contraceptives, breast-feeding, stress, medication, chronic illness, hormone imbalance, low bodyweight, excessive exercise, thyroid disorders, pituitary tumor, uterine scarring, and a premature menopause.
How do you treat amenorrhea?
Depends on the cause of amenorrhea may include lifestyle changes related to wait, physical activity, or stress level. If caused by certain glands, may be treated with medications.
Is painful or difficult menses. Prevalence is estimated between 45% and 95% among reproductive age women.
Dysmenorrhea
What are the symptoms of dysmenorrhea?
Cramping and dull, severe pelvic and lower back pain that may radiate to other areas.
What causes dysmenorrhea?
Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by prostaglandins. Secondary dysmenorrhea include PID, use of an IUD, uterine fibroid tumors, and endometriosis.
How do you treat dysmenorrhea?
Options include antibiotics, oral contraceptive therapy to regulate and decrease menstrual flow, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain, and surgery to remove fibroid tumors.
Is excessive or prolonged bleeding during menstruation. Is one of the most common gynecologic complaints.
Menorrhagia
What causes menorrhagia?
Hormonal imbalance, fibroid tumors, lack of ovulation, use of an IUD, pregnancy complications, medications, PID, thyroid disorders, endometriosis, and liver or kidney disease. Sometimes may be unknown.
How do you treat menorrhagia?
Varies according to the cause of the disease and may include iron supplements, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, oral contraceptives, and progesterone. Surgical treatment options include D&C, endometrial ablation or resection, and hysterectomy.
Is bleeding between menstrual periods or extreme irregularity of the menstrual cycle.
Metrorrhagia
What causes Metrorrhagia?
Can be caused by a hormonal imbalance, endometriosis, infection, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, cancer, use of an IUD, thyroid disorders, diabetes, and blood clotting disorders.
How do you treat Metrorrhagia?
Depends on cause of the problem and may include hormone therapy, antibiotics, surgery, and other medications.
Is a group of symptoms that start 1 to 2 weeks before menstruation and cease with the onset of menses.
Premenstrual syndrome
What are the symptoms of PMS?
Breast swelling and tenderness, acne, bloating and weight gain, headache or joint pain, food cravings, irritability, mood swings, crying spells, fatigue, trouble sleeping, anxiety, and depression.
What causes PMS?
Cause is not known, but hormonal changes figure the symptoms.
How do you treat PMS?
No single treatment works for everyone. OTC pain relievers may help ease cramps, headaches, back aches, and breast tenderness. Contraceptives can be used to reduce symptoms.
How do you prevent PMS?
Avoid salt, caffeine, and alcohol; exercising, eating healthy foods, getting enough sleep, joining a support group, and managing stress may also help with symptoms.
