Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach > Diseases Of The Nervous System And The Special Senses > Flashcards

Diseases Of The Nervous System And The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What causes a glioma, glioblastoma?

A

Idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of glioma, glioblastoma?

A

Severe headache, personality changes, loss of speech, unsteady movement, seizures, and coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do you treat glioma, glioblastoma?

A

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is an acute inflammation of the first to meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord: pia mater and the arachnoid mater. Usually affects children and young adults.

A

Meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of meningitis?

A

High fever, chills, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, rash, delirium, convulsions, coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you treat meningitis?

A

Antibiotics if bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Inflammation of the brain and meninges, is caused several types of viruses. Some maybe harbored by wild birds and transmitted to humans by mosquitoes.

A

Encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of encephalitis?

A

Mild to severe headache, fever, cerebral dysfunction, disordered thought, seizures, persistent drowsiness, delirium, coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you treat encephalitis?

A

Control fever, fluid, and electrolyte balance, monitor respiratory and kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Commonly called polio, is an infectious disease of the brain and spinal cord caused by an enterovirus. Motor neuron’s are primarily affected. Results in muscle tissue not being stimulated, and then atrophies.

A

Poliomyelitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of poliomyelitis?

A

Stiff neck, fever, headache, sore throat, G.I. disturbances, paralysis may develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you treat poliomyelitis?

A

Supportive; preventative vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is an infectious disease of the brain and spinal cord caused by a virus that is transmitted by secretions of an infected animal.

A

Rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of rabies?

A

Fever, pain, mental derangement, rage, convulsions, paralysis, profuse sticky saliva, throat muscle spasms produce hydrophobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you treat rabies?

A

Vaccination before disease develops; fatal once CNS involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is an acute inflammation of sensory neurons caused by the latency of the chickenpox virus, Herpes zoster. May be caused by shingles exposure itself without reactivation of chickenpox virus.

A

Shingles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of shingles?

A

Painful rash of small water blisters with red rim, lesions following a sensory nerve, confined to one side of body, severe itching, scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you treat shingles?

A

Alleviation of symptoms and pain relief, steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is a potentially devastating neurological illness sometimes develops children after a viral infection. Use of aspirin during viral infections is associated with this.

A

Reye’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Reye’s syndrome?

A

Persistent vomiting, rash, lethargy about one week after viral infection, made progress to coma; linked with use of aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you treat Reye’s syndrome?

A

Supportive; close monitoring necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pyogenic organisms can travel to the brain from other infected areas and cause this.

A

Brain abscesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you treat brain abscesses?

A

Surgical draining of abscess, antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of brain abscesses?

A

Fever, headache, Neutrophils in CSF indicate infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Is the most common cause of dementia; is a progressive degenerative brain disease.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What causes Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Idiopathic, but genetically connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Memory loss, moody, indigent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do you treat Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Care facilities, medications to stay calm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is a chronic, progressive, degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Affects young adults between ages 20 and 40.

A

Multiple sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of multiple sclerosis?

A

Muscle impairment, double vision, nystagmus, loss of balance, poor coordination, tingling and numbing sensation, shaking tremor, muscular weakness, emotional changes, remission and exacerbation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do you treat multiple sclerosis?

A

Non-effective; physical therapy and muscle relaxing, steroids, counseling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a chronic, terminal neurological disease noted by a progressive loss of motor neurons and supportive astrocytes.

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What causes ALS?

A

Idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ALS?

A

Disturbed motility; fasciculations; atrophy of muscles in hands, forearms, and legs; impaired speech and swallowing; death from pulmonary failure in 3 to 4 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do you treat ALS?

A

Supportive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Is a degenerative disease that affects muscle control and coordination. Normally strikes about age of 45. Cause is still unknown, viruses are detected. Resulting cause related to loss of dopamine in the brain.

A

Parkinson’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Tremor, rigid muscles, and loss of reflexes. Mask like facial expression is noticed along with faltering gait and mental depression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do you treat Parkinson’s disease?

A

Administration of levadopamine, the form of the opening similar to the natural form that passes the blood brain barrier are. Does not stop to generation, but reduces symptom severity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in loss of muscle control. Affects both the mind and the body.

A

Huntington’s Chorea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What causes Huntington’s Chorea?

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the signs and symptoms Huntington’s Chorea?

A

Involuntary, rapid, jerky movements; speech loss; difficulty swallowing; personality changes; carelessness; poor judgment; impaired memory; mental incompetence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How do you treat Huntington’s Chorea?

A

No cure; genetic counseling for family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Is a group of uncontrolled cerebral discharges that recurs at random intervals. Seizures associated with this are a form of convulsion. Brain impulses are temporarily disturbed, with resultant involuntary convulsive movements.

A

Epilepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What causes epilepsy?

A

Trauma, chemical, idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of epilepsy?

A

Involuntary contractions or series of contractions; a seizure is a sign of illness, not a disease. Petit mal: brief loss of consciousness, “absence seizure.” Grand mal: often preceded by an aura, total loss of consciousness, generalizes convulsions, hypersalivation; incontinence may occur

45
Q

How do you treat epilepsy?

A

Removal of cause once detected; anticonvulsive drugs

46
Q

A developmental error in which one or more vertebrae fail to fuse, leaving an opening or weakness in the vertebral column.

A

Spina bifida

47
Q

What causes spina bifida?

A

Congenital, lack folate

48
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of spina bifida?

A

Opening in vertebral canal; spina bifida occulta
Meninges protrude through opening and full with CSF; meningocele
Nerve elements protrude into sac; meningomyelocele
Neural tube itself fails to close and nerve tissue is totally exposed; myelocele

49
Q

How do you treat spina bifida?

A

Surgery, physical therapy

50
Q

Is a consequence of excess CSF trapped within the brain. This pressure increases and causes ventricles to enlarge and press the brain against the skull, which forces it to enlarge greatly, especially in the case of newborns.

A

Hydrocephalus

51
Q

What causes hydrocephalus?

A

Congenital, idiopathic

52
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of hydrocephalus?

A

Enlarged head develops

53
Q

How do you treat hydrocephalus?

A

Implant shunt to drain CSF

54
Q

Is not a disease but a functional disorder of the brain manifested by motor impairment that may induce varying degrees of mental retardation and becomes apparent before age 3.

A

Cerebral palsy

55
Q

What causes cerebral palsy?

A

Birth trauma, rubella infection

56
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy?

A

Seizures, visual or auditory impairment, speech defects. Spastic: muscles tense, reflexes exaggerated. Athetoid: uncontrollable, persistent movements, tremor. Atactic: Poor balance, poor muscular coordination, staggering gait

57
Q

How do you treat cerebral palsy?

A

Muscle relaxants, anti-convulsive drugs, casts, braces, traction, surgery, or physical therapy.

58
Q

What causes cerebrovascular accidents?

A

Trauma, blood clot, or occlusion

59
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cerebrovascular accident?

A

Severe, sudden headache; muscular weakness or paralysis; disturbance of speech; loss of consciousness

60
Q

How do you treat cerebrovascular accident?

A

Clot-dissolving drugs, surgery, endartectomy

61
Q

Are caused by brief but critical periods of reduced blood flow in a cerebral artery. Thought of as many strokes resulting from blood clots occluding vessels or vessel spasms that interrupt blood flow and thus impair neurological functioning.

A

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

62
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of TIA?

A

Visual disturbances, transient muscle weakness on one side, sensory loss on one side, slurred speech; attacks last minutes to hours, average 15 minutes

63
Q

How do you treat TIAs?

A

Depends on cause; surgical treatment of blocked vessels

64
Q

Is an viral or bacterial inflammation of the conjunctiva, the superficial covering of the visible sclera and the inner linings of the eyelids.

A

Conjunctivitis

65
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of conjunctivitis?

A

Inflamed eye surface, oozing

66
Q

How do you treat conjunctivitis?

A

Ointment or eyedrops

67
Q

Is an insidious, painless disease that results from pressure building up in the anterior chamber of the eyes or the space in front of the lens. Results from poor aqueous fluid drainage.

A

Glaucoma

68
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of glaucoma?

A

Elevated intraocular pressure, dim vision

69
Q

How do you treat glaucoma?

A

Eyedrops

70
Q

Inflammation of the second layer of that is known as the vascular or pigmented layer and includes ciliary body and the colored part of the eye, the iris.

A

Uveitis

71
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of uveitis?

A

Eye discharge, pain, low vision

72
Q

How do you treat uveitis?

A

Corticoids

73
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of astigmatism?

A

Blurry vision

74
Q

How do you treat astigmatism?

A

Corrective lenses

75
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of cataracts?

A

Lens appears cloudy; blurred, dim vision

76
Q

How do you treat cataracts?

A

Some laser, lens replacement

77
Q

What causes macular degeneration?

A

It is idiopathic

78
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of macular degeneration?

A

Central vision is lost

79
Q

How do you treat macular degeneration?

A

Nonspecific

80
Q

What causes diabetic retinopathy?

A

Diabetes

81
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of diabetic retinopathy?

A

Blurred, cloudy vision to blinded

82
Q

How do you treat diabetic retinopathy?

A

Some laser, control diabetes and blood pressure

83
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Weekend sight gradual blindness

84
Q

Is a genetic disease either as a recessive or dominant trait on the X-chromosome. Is a rare, progressive retina degeneration that eventually causes blindness.

A

Retinitis pigmentosa

85
Q

How do you treat retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Nonspecific

86
Q

How do you treat external otitis?

A

Antibiotics, cleanse area

87
Q

What causes external otitis?

A

Infection of either bacteria or fungi

88
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of external otitis?

A

pain, pruritus, fever, and temporary hearing loss

90
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of otitis media?

A

Pain, edema, pus, and may lead to perforation of eardrum.

90
Q

How do you treat otitis media?

A

Drain tube, antibiotics

91
Q

What causes otitis media?

A

Bacterial infection mainly affecting infants and children due to weak immune system

92
Q

What causes Presbycusis?

A

Increased age

93
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Presbycusis?

A

Hard of hearing

94
Q

How do you treat Presbycusis?

A

Hearing aids

95
Q

Primarily considered idiopathic, some cases initiated by trauma, tumor, or autoimmune disease is that impact the cochlear apparatus whereby fluid and delicate sensory hairs are altered or degenerated.

A

Ménière’s disease

97
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Ménière’s disease?

A

Intermittent hearing loss, tinnitus, episodes of vertigo or dizziness

97
Q

What causes tinnitus?

A

Idiopathic, maybe blood-pressure related, loud sounds

98
Q

How do you treat Ménière’s disease?

A

Glucocorticoids, low salt diet to control fluid levels. Surgery may be a later option

99
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of tinnitus?

A

Ringing, roaring internal sounds without real sounds externally

100
Q

What is the treatment of tinnitus?

A

Sound aids, low sound makers for interference.

101
Q

Review questions on page 384

A

FREEBEE

102
Q

An acute infectious disease, commonly called “lockjaw” characterized by rigid, contracted muscles that are unable to relax.

A

Tetanus

103
Q

What causes tetanus?

A

Caused by the tetanus toxin which is produced by teens bacillus that lives in intestines of animals and humans. The organisms are exerted in fecal material and persists as spores in the soil, and are prevalent in rural areas and garden soil fertilizer containing manure. A laceration, puncture, or animal bite introduces the bacteria into the body where it thrives without oxygen.

104
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of tetanus?

A

Muscles become rigid, (jaw muscles are often first affected, often called TRISMUS) the mouth clamps tightly shut, neck is stiff and swallowing becomes difficult. Respiratory muscles can become affected and cause asphyxiation. Death may result.

105
Q

How do you treat tetanus?

A

Antitoxin, symptom relief, preventative vaccine

106
Q

Inflammation of Cranial Nerve VII

A

Bell’s Palsy

107
Q

What causes Bell’s Palsy?

A

Idiopathic, but viruses, autoimmunity, and vascular ischemia are probable factors

108
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Bell’s Palsy?

A

Because the seventh cranial nerve innervates the facial muscles and salivary glands, attacks cause sagging of the facial muscles on one side of the face and a watery eye. Person may drool and have slurred speech.

109
Q

How do you treat Bell’s Palsy?

A

Massage or heat treatment may help.

Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions