Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach > Diseases Of The Urinary System > Flashcards

Diseases Of The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Is an inflammatory disease of the glomeruli. It has no pus formation, and therefore no bacteria are found in the urine when examined microscopically during urinalysis procedure.

A

Glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes glomerulonephritis?

A

Typically caused by an antigen antibody reaction that occurs approximately 1 to 4 weeks following the skin or throat infection by a bacterium. Antigens and antibodies in the blood stream become trapped within the glomeruli, causing inflammatory response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of glomerulonephritis?

A

Primary signs include proteinuria, hematuria, edema, and hypertension. Symptoms include chills and fever, loss of appetite, and general feeling of weakness. Edema or puffiness in the face and Ingles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do you treat glomerulonephritis?

A

Bedrest and dietary restrictions. Medications used for treatment include diuretics, calcium, channel blockers, and beta blockers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

May persist for many years with periods of remission and relapse. Hypertension generally accompanies this disease. As more glomeruli are destroyed, blood filtration becomes increasingly impaired.

A

Chronic glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of chronic glomerulonephritis?

A

Causes kidneys to shrink, as they gradually atrophy. Uremia results from kidney failure, which leads to nausea, headache, dizziness, and faint vision.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you treat chronic glomerulonephritis?

A

Dialysis is quickly recommended to restore blood nitrogen and electrolyte balance, in order to reduce symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is a rarely occurring Reno problem considered to be an autoimmune disease. Precise cause is not known, although may be triggered by viral agents attacking the respiratory system or inhaling hydrocarbon solvents, therefore, the lungs and kidneys may be stressed together or individually.

A

Goodpasture syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens in goodpasture syndrome?

A

Once the body attacks the causative agents, it tends to attack itself. Colligan is somehow recognized as for him and become the target of immune responses, somewhat similar to glomerulonephritis. These auto antibodies are directed against the basement membranes of the glomerular capillaries. This results in scarring and fibrosis of the glomerular structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Goodpasture syndrome?

A

Include form urine, weakness, nausea, and vomiting. Signs include hematuria, oliguria, and proteinuria. In addition, he hemoptysis, coughing, dyspnea, and chest pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you treat Goodpasture syndrome?

A

Requires cleansing the plasma of antibodies, and is accomplished by plasmapheresis. Dialysis may be required in progressive cases or when permanent kidney damage is moderate. Kidney transplant maybe recommended in advanced cases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Results when autoantibodies collect in the glomeruli which causes a major information sufficient to create scars and reduce kidney functioning.

A

Lupus nephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you treat lupus nephritis?

A

Involves two drugs in tandem; one to reduce inflammation, and one to suppress the immune system. Kidney function is vital, especially when the whole body is attacked by another disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In this disease, the immunoglobulin A forms deposits on the glomeruli, causing inflammation.

A

IgA Nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of IgA nephropathy?

A

Most common symptom is blood in the urine, but tends to go unnoticed and remain undetected for years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you treat IgA nephropathy?

A

No treatment is recommended for mild cases with normal blood pressure and protein urea levels, but elevated blood-pressure require medications like ACE inhibitors that seem to work quite well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ischemia, hemorrhage, poisons, and severe kidney disease may cause this. The kidneys are unable to clear the blood of urea and creatinine, which are nitrogen containing waste products of protein metabolism.

A

Renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

May develop suddenly but has a better prognosis than the chronic condition.

A

Acute renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes acute renal failure?

A

Caused by various factors such as decreased blood flow to the kidneys resulting from surgical shock, including shock from incompatible blood transfusion, or severe dehydration. Kidney disease, trauma, or poisons or heavy metals can also cause this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of acute renal failure?

A

Characterized by sudden drop in urine volume, or complete cessation of urine production. Symptoms show headache, G.I. distress, and odor of ammonia on the breath caused by accumulation in the blood of nitrogen containing compounds. Condition may lead to cardiac arrest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you treat acute renal failure?

A

Includes restoration of the blood volume to normal, with necessary electrolytes, restricted dietary fluid intake, and dialysis as needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is life-threatening and has a much poorer prognosis than the acute condition. Results from long-standing kidney disease.

A

Chronic renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic renal failure?

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you treat chronic renal failure?

A

Response to diuretic intervention until other measures are warranted, such as kidney dialysis or transplant. Other drugs maybe utilized. Controlling weight, blood lipids, and sugar levels and engaging in regular exercise are recommended.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of chronic renal failure?

A

Urea builds up to toxic levels and some is converted to ammonia, which irritates the G.I. tract, producing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Vision becomes dim, cognitive functions decrease, and convulsions or coma may ensue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do you treat chronic renal failure?

A

Treated with kidney dialysis. Also may use peritoneal dialysis to draw toxic materials out of capillaries surrounding the body cavity. In advanced stages, kidney transplants are used to prolong and save thousands of lives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A suppurative urinary tract infection of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic bacteria.

A

Pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What causes pyelonephritis?

A

And obstruction of the urinary tract slows urine flow increases the risk for infection. Infection may originate in the bladder and the ascends up to the kidneys. Abscesses form and rupture, draining pus into the renal pelvis and urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of pyelonephritis?

A

Include chills, high fever, sudden back pain that spreads over the abdomen, dysuria, and hematuria.

30
Q

How do you treat pyelonephritis?

A

Includes antibiotics for the infection.

31
Q

And inflammation confined to the renal pelvis, the junction between the ureter and the kidney is caused by other bacteria. Occurs commonly in young children, particularly females due to the short urethra. Microorganisms from fecal contamination enter from outside and easily travel up to the bladder

A

Pyelitis

32
Q

How do you treat pyelitis?

A

Responds well to treatment with antibiotics. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to preventing the spread of infection to the kidney tissue.

33
Q

Also called hypernephroma, causes enlargement of the kidney and destroys the organ.

A

Renal carcinoma

34
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of kidney cancer?

A

Tumor may not manifest itself for several years. Painless hematuria is chief sign. If tumor becomes large, abdominal mass maybe felt. Metastasis often occurs before presence of kidney tumor is known.

35
Q

How do you treat kidney cancer?

A

Surgical removal is the best initial treatment.

36
Q

What is the malignant tumor of the kidney pelvis that develops in children between ages two and five?

A

Wilms’ tumor

37
Q

Predominantly form in the kidney. Men are four times more likely than women to produce renal calculi, with first episodes occurring between ages 20 and 40.

A

Kidney stones

38
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of kidney stones?

A

If small, may produce no symptoms. Large stones cause intense pain that radiates from the kidney to the groin area. Additional symptoms include hematuria, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. May produce UTI, blocking urine flow and permitting bacterial growth.

39
Q

What causes kidney stones?

A

Calculi are formed when certain minerals in the urine form a precipitate; that is, come out of solution and grow in size. Bacteria in urine can serve as sites for calcium deposition.

40
Q

A stone may become so large that it feels the renal pelvis completely, blocking the flow of urine, and require surgical removal. What is this called?

A

Staghorn calculus

41
Q

How do you treat kidney stones?

A

May be treated with medication that partially dissolves the stone, and allows to be passed through the urine. Lithotripsy is effective to crush the stones into sand-sized particles.

42
Q

As a result of urinary calculi, a congenital defect, tumor, and enlarged prostate gland, or other obstruction of the renal pelvis, the kid need me become extremely dilated with pockets of urine. They ureters dilate above the obstruction from the pressure of urine that is unable to pass (hydroureters)

A

Hydronephrosis

43
Q

What causes hydronephrosis?

A

Physical cause is a ureterocele. The terminal portion of the ureter prolapses, or slides into the urinary bladder.

44
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of hydronephrosis?

A

Hematuria is generally present, and the degree of pain accompanying the hydronephrosis depends on the nature of the blockage. If infection occurs, this is due to stagnation of urine, pyuria and fever occur.

45
Q

How do you treat hydronephrosis?

A

When detected, it can be corrected surgically.

46
Q

Is a congenital defect, an error in development that usually involves both kidney. Solitary renal cysts form due to autosomal recessive disease in children, and autosomal dominant in adults.

A

Polycystic kidney

47
Q

What happens in polycystic kidney?

A

Cysts are dilated kidney tubules that do not open into the renal pelvis as they should. Instead, the cysts enlarge, fuse, and usually become infected. As they enlarge, they compress the surrounding kidney tissue.

48
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of polycystic kidney?

A

Pain, hematuria, polyuria, renal calculi, and hypertension.

49
Q

How do you treat polycystic kidney?

A

No specific treatment is available. Renal failure eventually occurs, requiring dialysis or kidney transplant.

50
Q

Is an inflammation of the urinary bladder, primarily caused by an infection. It is more common in women than men because of women’s shorter urethra. Chief cause is E. coli which resides in the colon and reaches the urethra and ascends of the bladder.

A

Cystitis

51
Q

How does cystitis form?

A

Can develop following sexual intercourse is bacteria around the vaginal opening spread to the urinary opening. Occasionally, coughing or other exertion may push urine out of the bladder, and then retreat back into the bladder, therefore infecting it.

52
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of cystitis?

A

Symptoms are increased urinary frequency and urgency and a burning sensation during urination.

53
Q

How do you treat cystitis?

A

Depends on the type of bacteria and may include a type of penicillin, such as ampicillin or amoxicillin.

54
Q

For the infant, the inability to control micturition occurs because the nerves in the muscles have not been coordinated to allow closure of the voluntary external urethral valves or sphincter. Similar with adults, but but conscious efforts allow the voiding signals to be dampened down and keep external sphincter closed.

A

Urinary incontinence

55
Q

What causes urinary incontinence?

A

Subject to various diseases, like infection or stroke, and heredity. Conditions such as childbirth, pregnancy, hysterectomy, and menopause may also be involved. A tumor or enlarge prostate that compresses the urethra may leave the male incontinent.

56
Q

What are the three different adult incontinences?

A 
Overflow incontinence (bladder overfills)
Stress incontinence (damage to urethral sphincter and leaks with exertion)
Urge incontinence (muscular bladder wall has uncontrolled contractions)
57
Q

What is incontinence that continues into the early juvenile years?

A

Enuresis, or bedwetting (nocturia)

58
Q

How do you treat urinary incontinence?

A

Kegel exercises, or insertion of an indwelling catheter.

59
Q

Tends to result in urinary incontinence due to lack of nervous system control. Damage to the nerve supplying the bladder or a break down within the central nervous system is the root cause of this problem.

A

Neurogenic bladder

60
Q

What causes neurogenic bladder?

A

A common cause is a spinal cord injury from a vehicular accident. Herniated discs in the lumbar region or tumors compressing on the spinal cord are highly probable causes. Metabolic disorders tend to cause bladder impairments as well.

61
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of neurogenic bladder?

A

The bladder may spasm, fail to empty completely, or lack of the feeling of fullness or urgency, and thus the signal to evacuate may go undetected.

62
Q

How do you treat neurogenic bladder?

A

Urological treatment includes indwelling catheters, hygiene training, and exercise. Lumbar discs may be repaired and drug treatments for CNS dysfunction may assist recovery.

63
Q

The tumor or polyp grows by sending fingerlike projections into the lumen of the bladder. Although these tumors can be seen with a cystoscope and removed, they tend to recur. A more invasive pattern of growth involves infiltration of the bladder wall, which cannot be surgically removed without destroying the bladder.

A

Carcinoma of the bladder

64
Q

What causes bladder cancer?

A

Certain industrial chemicals and cigarette smoking have been linked to carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

65
Q

How do you treat bladder cancer?

A

One treatments fulguration, (involves a weakened tuberculosis bacillus) that coats the bladder’s internal epithelial surface. This solution causes the inner lining to peel off and be replaced by new surface cells. Surgical removal of the bladder is often needed.

66
Q

Any part of the urinary tract can become inflamed, and the urethra is no exception. In men, the cause may be a gonococcus or other bacteria, viruses, or noxious chemicals. In women, accompanied cystitis.

A

Urethritis

67
Q

What causes urethritis?

A

A trauma caused by a “straddle” accident may cause irritation and damage to the urethra or stressful pressure. Damage to nerves and blood vessels may occur at the same time, and this could cause testicular problems for the male.

68
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of urethritis?

A

A discharge of pus from the urethra, an itching sensation at the opening of the urethra, and a burning sensation during urination.

69
Q

How do you treat urethritis?

A

Includes antibiotics like amoxicillin for bacteria infections.

70
Q

Review questions on page 258

A

FREEBEE

Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions