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Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach > Diseases Of The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Diseases Of The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What oily lubricant bathes the inner surface to reduce surface tension and prevent alveoli from sticking together?

A

Surfactant

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2
Q

The entire respiratory tract is lined with a mucous membrane

A

Respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

What are the common symptoms of respiratory disease?

A
  • dyspnea, tachypnea, and wheezing
  • coughs
  • cyanosis
  • fever
  • fatigue, due to labored breathing
  • pain in sinuses, chest, and throat
  • sinus and nasal drainage
  • weakness of muscles and voice
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4
Q

An acute inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the upper respiratory tract. A virus infection triggers swelling of the nasal mucous membrane and mucous secretion, causing nasal congestion.

A

The common cold

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5
Q

What’s so special about the common cold?

A

Though it is caused by a virus, infection provides no immunity because so many strains of virus exist.

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6
Q

How can you treat the common cold?

A

No cure, but aspirin lowers fever, and antihistamines relieve nasal congestion. Antitussives suppress coughing.

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7
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membrane linings which causes pressure, pain, and often a headache. Children tend to have ethmoid sinus inflammation more commonly than do adults.

A

Sinusitis

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8
Q

What causes sinusitis?

A

Caused by viruses, bacteria, and allergens. Environmental conditions such as changes in barometric pressure, airplane flights, swimming, and diving activities may precipitate sinusitis. Other causes include dental work, or following common cold.

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9
Q

How do you treat sinusitis?

A

OTC’s like decongestants and antihistamines are common. If chronic and painful, sinuses may be drained with sinus top under local anesthesia yeah.

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10
Q

Noncancerous growth’s within the nasal or sinus passage way. Exact cause is unknown. Certain chemicals found within these polyps may be the cause.

A

Nasal polyps

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11
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of nasal polyps?

A

Large polyps cause nasal drainage, interfere with smell, and occasionally may be linked to obstructive sleep apnea.

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12
Q

How do you treat nasal polyps?

A

Treatment may include nasal sprays with Cortizone like drugs to control allergies, and surgery if polyps are troublesome.

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13
Q

Interruption or hesitation of the normal breathing cycle during the sleep period caused by snoring or various blockage areas within the air passageways.

A

Obstructive sleep apnea

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14
Q

How do you treat obstructive sleep apnea?

A

Ranges from behavioral therapy to mechanical or physical procedures or surgery. Issues with alcohol and tobacco may need to be addressed, and he is overweight, may suggest lifestyle changes.

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15
Q

Also called seasonal allergic rhinitis, is caused by sensitivity to airborne allergens, especially Pollins of ragweed and grasses.

A

Hay fever

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16
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of hay fever?

A

Allergens trigger mucosa to secrete excessive mucus, causing a runny nose and congestion. Eyes react with redness, tearing, and itching.

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17
Q

How do you treat hay fever?

A

With OTC medications. Many suffers may take allergy injections to desensitize them to pollen or other allergens.

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18
Q

Tonsils, pharynx, and larynx can be irritated or infected with bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Infections lead to difficulty swallowing and redness and pain in the throat area.

A

Tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis

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19
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of tonsillitis?

A

Tonsils swell and become painful, making swallowing very difficult. Tonsils may be surgically removed, along with adenoids.

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20
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of pharyngitis?

A

Characterized by pain in the throat. May require antibiotics like penicillin V or antitussives.

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21
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of laryngitis?

A

Characterized by hoarseness or loss of voice (aphonia). Symptoms can be alleviated by resting the voice, drinking fluids, and using steam inhalation.

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22
Q

A viral infection of the upper respiratory system. Many different strains of viruses cause of this.

A

Influenza

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23
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of influenza?

A

Chills, fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, chest pain, muscle aches, and gastrointestinal disorders. Symptoms develop within two days of exposure to virus. Due to destruction of respiratory lining, lungs become susceptible to other agents.

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24
Q

How do you treat influenza?

A

No medication care is influenza. Treatment for symptoms include rest, fluids, and aspirin to reduce fever. Flu vaccines are available before onset, typically October and November are recommended.

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25
Q

Includes a number of diseases in which exchange of respiratory gases is ineffective. Includes chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, and pneumoconiosis.

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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26
Q

An inflammation of the bronchi that can be acute or chronic. The mucous membrane lining the bronchi becomes swollen and red. Irritants such as industrial fumes, automobile exhaust, viruses, and bacteria causing this.

A

Bronchitis

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27
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of bronchitis?

A

Chest pains, dyspnea, cough, fever, and sometimes chills. Sputum may contain pus. In chronic bronchitis, similar symptoms persist, and hypoxia leads to necrosis of parts of the respiratory tract, along with fibrous scarring.

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28
Q

How do you treat bronchitis?

A

There is no cure, however symptoms can be treated with antibiotics and moist papers. Smoking cessation should be encouraged and clean air environments sought out at all times. Respiratory masks and therapy may be beneficial.

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29
Q

The chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles that has ramifications throughout the lung tissue and denotes a location for the disease.

A

Bronchial asthma

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29
Q

What happens in bronchial asthma?

A

Constriction of smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles narrows the lumen of the tubes, due to hypersensitivity to various allergens, like dust, mold, pollen, animal dander, and various foods; thus making breathing very difficult. Mucous membrane becomes swollen with fluid, also narrowing the lumen.

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30
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of bronchial asthma?

A

Breathing becomes difficult, wheezing sound results from air passing through narrowed tubes. Asthma tax lead to fatigue, and cough that may progress to lung infection.

31
Q

How do you treat bronchial asthma?

A

Inhaled glucocorticoids use for long-term prophylaxis of asthma. Cortizone drugs may be used for prevention and to reduce inflammation, but long-term use is associated with negative side effects.

32
Q

A disabling and debilitating disease caused by a restriction or obstruction resulting in the destruction of lung and vascular tissue.

A

Emphysema

33
Q

What happens in emphysema?

A

The alveolar walls breakdown, adjacent alveoli fuse, and the lungs lose their elasticity. Air cannot adequately be exhaled to allow oxygen to enter and lungs become filled with high carbon dioxide.

34
Q

What causes emphysema?

A

Cause is not known, but is strongly associated with heavy cigarette smoking. Other causes include air pollution, long-term exposure to chemical irritants, and chronic bronchitis.

35
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of emphysema?

A

A suffocating feeling and great distress due to inability to breathe. Intense pain accompanies difficult breathing. Breathing becomes faster and deeper than normal to compensate. When alveoli rupture, air flows into pleural cavity, causing pneumothorax. May lead to atelectasis.

36
Q

How do you treat emphysema?

A

Progression is controlled by quitting smoking and avoiding polluted air containing smoke, fumes, irritating dust, and ozone. Medications can clear mucus from the lungs help prevent infection. Physical therapy teaches patient to use more muscle for respiration.

37
Q

Is an inherited disease that affects the exocrine glands of the body, causing them to excessively secrete a viscous type of mucus which block gland ducts and prevents glands from delivering their products.

A

Cystic fibrosis

38
Q

What happens in cystic fibrosis?

A

Most serious manifestation is in respiratory system. Trachea and bronchi secrete thick mucus that accumulates and blocks air passageway.

39
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of cystic fibrosis?

A

Dyspnea, wheezing, persistent cough, and thick sputum. Thick mucosal surface increases susceptibility to recurrent bacterial infections. Lung collapse can result from inability to inflate lungs and most deaths caused by CF results from respiratory failure.

40
Q

How does cystic fibrosis affect the digestive system?

A

Excessive mucus blocks the ducts of the pancreas, preventing the release of digestive enzymes and resulting in weight loss and malnutrition. Results in large, bulky, foul-smelling stool. Secretory glands become dilated and develop into cysts containing thick mucus, leaving fibrous tissue.

41
Q

How do you treat cystic fibrosis?

A

Basic treatment includes pancreatic enzyme supplements given with food. Antibiotic treatment reduces respiratory tract infection, and regular respiratory therapy relieve congestion.

42
Q

Is a COPD caused by dust particles that seem to infiltrate or embed into the lung tissue. Results of incomplete filtering by the normal action within the air passageways because of overload, the individual accumulates grit in the lungs.

A

Pneumoconiosis

43
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of pneumoconiosis?

A

Causes shortness of breath, some wheezing, and low physical endurance.

44
Q

How do you treat pneumoconiosis?

A

Individuals get some relief from bronchodilators to ease breathing and corticoid medications to reduce inflammation.

45
Q

An acute inflammation of the lungs in which air spaces become filled with inflammatory exudate.

A

Pneumonia

46
Q

What causes pneumonia?

A

Can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, and it may affect different areas within the lungs. Typically runs in seasonal or cyclical patterns, somewhat like the flu.

47
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of pneumonia?

A

Dyspnea, fever, chest pain, and a productive cough.

48
Q

Inflammation of a section, often an entire lobe, of the lung. Many people carry the bacterium in the respiratory passages, and can infect the lungs under particular conditions or situations, like it weakened state or challenged immune system.

A

Lobar pneumonia

49
Q

How do you treat lobar pneumonia?

A

Because it is caused by a bacterium, antibiotics like penicillin or amoxicillin.

50
Q

A form of an pneumonia focused on small bronchi. Infection and inadvertent aspiration of gastric contents or vomit are common causes.

A

Bronchopneumonia

51
Q

What kind of patients are more prone for bronchopneumonia?

A

Debilitated patients who are less mobile or bedridden from other diseases.

52
Q

Is caused by a variety of pathogens, including viruses and atypical bacteria. This is more common in adolescents and young adults due to crowded conditions in schools and other facilities.

A

Primary atypical pneumonia

53
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of primary atypical pneumonia?

A

Flulike symptoms prevail, such as fatigue, fever, general weakness, headache, sore throat, and stomach and intestinal distress.

54
Q

How do you treat primary atypical pneumonia?

A

Medications to treat clear the lungs of the fluid buildup and congestion.

55
Q

Pneumonia can develop as a secondary disorder from other diseases that weaken the lungs or the bodies immune system. Immunocompromised subjects are susceptible to pneumonia caused by unusual infectious agents.

A

Secondary pneumonia

56
Q

This disease is predominantly acquired by inhaling small droplets contaminated with the bacteria from large air conditioning cooling systems, humidifiers, hot tubs, and other equipment or environmental conditions that produce contaminated aerosol water droplets.

A

Legionnaire’s disease

57
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Legionnaire’s disease?

A

Accompanied by flulike symptoms. Residual effects of any of the pneumoniae may lead to long-term problems like fatigue, coughing, shortness of breath, and Nero muscular impairments.

58
Q

And inflammation of the pleural membranes that occurs as a complication of various lung diseases, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis. May develop from an infection, trauma injury, or tumor formation.

A

Pleurisy (pleuritis)

59
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of pleurisy?

A

Cough, fever, chills, and an extremely painful, sharp stabbing pain accompanying each inspiration. Pain is due to an excess or deficiency of pleural fluid, or pus or blood in the pleural space.

60
Q

How do you treat pleurisy?

A

Treated with antibiotics, heat applications, and bedrest.

61
Q

A chronic infectious bacterial disease characterized by necrosis of vital lung tissue. Commonly transmitted through sputum expelled in the coughs of infected persons.

A

Pulmonary tuberculosis

62
Q

What happens in pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

The inhaled bacteria infect the lungs and produce chronic inflammatory response which leads to necrosis. The tissue in the site becomes soft and cheese like, described as a caseous lesion. Tissue heals and bacteria are pocketed in tubercles.

63
Q

How do you treat pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

Antibiotics specially designed for the bacterium are taking over an extended period of time to ensure the bacteria are killed or eliminated.

64
Q

This condition involves the accumulation of air that escapes normal entrapment within the lung, or outside air enters from a breach in the chest wall.

A

Pneumothorax

65
Q

In who does pneumothorax most commonly occur?

A

Newborns that have a stiff or inflexible lung and results in infant respiratory distress syndrome. Atelectasis may occur

66
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of pneumothorax?

A

Shortness of breath, increased heart rate, and cyanotic appearance because of the blood oxygen levels are low due to lack of respiratory function.

67
Q

How do you treat pneumothorax?

A

A needle and syringe are used to siphon the air within the thorax to let air pressure subside and allow the lung and chest membranes to adhere and reestablish their bond.

68
Q

May develop due to aspiration or inhalation of food or vomit material into the respiratory pathways. Heavy smoke or toxic fumes may scar the respiratory linings of the tubules and lessen their function.

A

Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

69
Q

How do you treat adult respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Oxygen assistance and respiratory therapy along with antibiotics and rest may resolve most cases.

70
Q

The most common type of lung cancer. Implies that the cancer originated in the bronchi of the lung versus another site.

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

71
Q

What happens in bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

The great danger is blockage of the airway by the malignant tumor as it grows into the lumen of the bronchus, causing collapse of the affected part of the lung.

72
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

Symptoms of later stages include a persistent cough and hemoptysis. Blood in sputum results from the erosion of blood vessels and by the growing malignancy. Anorexia, weight loss, and weakness accompany the disease.

73
Q

How do you treat bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

Surgery that does not cure cancer but reduces a central source and a mass, which allows other treatments to work. Radiation and or chemotherapy or possible approaches depending on circumstances.

74
Q

Review questions on page 194

A

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Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach (16 decks)

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